Performance Enhancing Drugs Helpful Or Detrimental

Ashveen Sharma PSE4U1-01 Essay Rough Draft November 28, 2014 Performance-Enhancing Drugs: Helpful or Detrimental? â€Å"Drugs and Baseball - how has this impacted MLB† Barry Bonds, the man who broke Hank Aaron’s home run record in 2007 should be hailed as one of the greatest sluggers to ever swing a bat. So why isn’t he? With a career plagued with controversy over the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs (PED’s), Bonds’ historic records will be debated and held in controversy forever. The numbers Bonds put up during his career should earn him a first class seat headed to the Hall of Fame; however, even without an actual conviction, Barry Bonds’ link with PED’s will likely prevent his induction into the baseball Hall of Fame†¦show more content†¦Because performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous, create unfair advantages, and harm the spirit of competition, more frequent testing along with harsher penalties must be implemented in all levels of organized baseball. PED’s cover a wide variety of substances used by athletes, with a few specific drugs used primarily in the sport of baseball. Since the 1980s, baseball players have taken these substances, which were originally intended for other purposes, and abused them into a way to gain an edge on the competition. Human Growth Hormones (HGH) is one of these substances. HGH is naturally produced in the pituitary gland, used to stimulate the growth of bone, muscle and cartilage in growing children. Around the age of twenty, HGH production tends to decline. During the early 1980’s, scientists discovered that giving HGH to elderly men could increase muscle mass, lower body fat, and decrease bone loss (Interlandi). Baseball players thought that they could use this HGH as a catalyst to improve their body to increase performance; however, no scientific evidence actually confirms thisassumption. The human body still produces plenty of HGH between the ages of 20-40 to support muscle and bone growth (Interlandi). While the results in older men show HGH has a positive impact

Persuasion Is Morally Justified Essay - 1665 Words

Persuasion and force are the means used to shape a just society since they are the ways of getting people, individually or collectively, to accept an idea or perform an action. A just society, or rather one where justice prevails, is given great consideration and thought to ensure that all human beings get to live a happy and fulfilled life. To clarify, persuasion is the method in which someone is requested or asked to consider performing an action or accepting an idea using their personal reasoning. Force, however, is when someone is forcefully demanded or commanded to perform an action or accept an idea. Ultimately, I believe that persuasion is morally justified to be used in human relations, where it allows people to live in a society that promotes the basic liberties for all citizens, and gives them the freedom to pursue their social and economic equality. Force doesn’t support the idea of promoting basic liberties and respecting social and economic equality because it doe sn’t permit an individual to make a choice for themselves, where that choice they are being forced to make might support the forcers freedom and liberties, and impede on their own, Human relations should be established by using persuasion, where it justly promotes people reasoning and deciding for themselves, as long as it supports justice as fairness. A philosopher that has cultivated this idea of justice is John Rawls, who believes that, according to Michael J. Sandel’s Justice: What’s the RightShow MoreRelatedWar: Is Military Force Ever Justified?. War Has Become854 Words   |  4 PagesWar: Is Military Force Ever Justified? War has become a very sensitive, polarizing subject in the past few decades. Either it’s good or bad, right or wrong, black or white. Many people do not find any justification, even though no decision is more thought out than a country’s decision to use military force. for anything war-related because of the negative reality that it is war: violent, nasty, unyielding. All they see is an unprejudiced killing parade that rips lives apart. But what many peopleRead MoreArgumentative Writing : Persuasive And Persuasive896 Words   |  4 Pages Argumentative and persuasive witting are sometimes hard to distinguish from one another. The goal of persuasion writing is to conquer or win over your audience while the goal of argumentative writing is to â€Å"convince by demonstrating the truth† (Barnet; Bedau, pg.71). 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Eight years after this incident, the roles have reversed; Sir Walter has lost all of hisRead MoreKohlbergs Theory of Moral Development Essay803 Words   |  4 Pagesduring this stage. People will do most things to remain loyal to a popular look, lifestyle or group of people in which they need to gain or maintain approval of. School students are typically influenced by others very often and are surrounded by persuasion which is why it is more likely for teens to fall under this category. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society so judgments concern obeying rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt(McLeod). Stage four in conventionalRead MoreMorality without God Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe authority intrinsic in the idea of a God in order to enforce them; thus raising the possibility that morals are learned but also partly innate and instinctual to humankind. 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As such, claiming the startle mechanism akin to an emotion, then it follows that it is possible to have an emotion without judgments. Her statement contradicts Solomon directly in that she is statement that we cannot be held ful ly morally responsible for something that is partially innate in our makeup as people. Solomon would absolutely disagree with this sentiment, so in order to defend this claim, Robinson defends her argument by first redefining our interpretation of an emotionRead MoreJust War Theory and Pacifism1734 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipating in any war has significant moral implications. Lackey disputes what he calls the â€Å"Preventative Force Argument† which he defines as the assumption that preventative force and preemptive force are the same thing and acting representatively is morally preferable. A â€Å"Gods eye view† would be needed to legitimize preventative action and those in support of war should hold the burden of proof when justifying war. 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Nutritional Requirement of Elderly Males †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Nutritional Requirement of Elderly Males. Answer: Introduction Nutrition plays a significant role in the development of a human being from infancy to adulthood. Consumption of a balanced diet regularly is important for maintenance of good health and well-being of the individual. Every individual requires a daily intake of carbohydrates, fat, proteins, vitamins and minerals to lead a healthy and problem free lifestyle. However, research has shown that compared to the younger generation, the adults or the elderly people require more nutrients in order to lead a healthy life. Diet and nutrition play an important role in various medical conditions (Sizer et al., 2012). These medical conditions include coronary heart disease, arthrosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, anaemia, osteoporosis, among others (Murray Lopez, 2012). This report focuses on the nutritional intake of a group of 25 elderly males in a nursing home. They are more than seventy-five years of age. The food frequency questionnaire tool was used to determine the daily nutritional intake of the elderly males in the nursing home. This report at first focuses on the interpretation of the dietary analysis results. Then, it discusses the nutrient deficiencies and excesses. Finally, it identifies the main food sources providing the nutrients and describes the implications of nutrient deficiencies in the elderly. Some recommendations are also made on the dietary intake of the elderly males in the nursing home. Interpretation of dietary analysis results After analyzing the dietary results obtained from the elderly males, it was found that a number of nutrients were present in excess. These are carbohydrates, protein, cholesterol, sugars, sodium, vitamins like A, B6, B12, C and E. Moreover, the total calorie levels were also high. High levels of cholesterol and carbohydrates can give rise to various medical conditions in the elderly like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, among others (Perk et al., 2012). While malnutrition is a risk in the elderly, over nutrition can give rise to the above diseases which results in increased levels of mortality and morbidity. Moreover, increased levels of sugar in the diet can give rise to diabetes. High levels of sodium through increased salt intake can also give rise to hypertension in the elderly. However, nutrient deficiencies were also found in the elderly males. There was deficiency of dietary fibers, thiamin, calcium, folic acid, among others. Deficiencies in thiamin can give ris e to heart failure, cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy in the elderly people (Caputo et al., 2012). Moreover, deficiencies in calcium can give rise to osteoporosis, bone deformities, among other (Aaseth, Boivin Andersen, 2012). Dietary fiber intake is also very important in case of the elderly, as it prevents colon cancer, various bowel diseases, helps in mineral absorption and also helps to maintain a healthy microbial population in the gut. Moreover, deficiencies in folic acid can give rise to various neurological disorders, dementia, psychosis, depression, among others (Morris, 2012). The most important nutrients are the proteins, vitamins like A, B6, B12, C, D and folic acid. Among the minerals, calcium, zinc, iodine, iron is important. Dietary fibers are also important for maintenance of health in the elderly. Carbohydrates and fats in moderation are also important. However, certain nutrients are comparatively not important for the elderly. These include minerals like magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, vitamin E, among others. Grains, cereals are essential source of vitamins like thiamin, folic acid, niacin. Moreover, it also provides minerals like iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, among others. However, the elderly show a high level of refined grains intake. Refined grains lack minerals and vitamins essential for good health in the elderly. The elderly also showed decreased intake of green leafy vegetables as well as red or orange vegetables like tomatoes. They showed poor intake of legumes, lentils, peas, among others. They also showed increased intake of starchy vegetables like potatoes. They also show poor intake of fruits and more intakes of fruit juices. Fruit juices consist of sweeteners, which affects the health of the elderly. It increases the risk of diabetes. The elderly males also show a high intake of red meats, which are the sources of cholesterol and fats. They have a poor intake of eggs, seafoods, nuts, legumes and soy products. These are far better sources of protein for the elderly than red meats. Plant based proteins like soy proteins are much more digestible and good source of protein for the elderly (Nishinari et al., 2014). The dairy products like milk, yoghurt, cheese are a good source of calcium as well as vitamins and minerals. The elderly people need to increase their intake of milk and yoghurt; while decreasing the intake of cheese and other milk equivalents. The elderly also show a high level of sugar intake, which can result in diabetes and obesity in the elderly. Apart from these, the elderly also show high levels of oil and solid fat equivalents. Implications of nutrient deficiency or excess Cereals are very good sources of vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Lack of vitamins thiamin and folic acid can give rise to heart failure, cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy in the elderly. Folic acid is necessary for the nervous system and deficiency in folic acid increases the risk of developing Alzheimers disease in the elderly (Barnard et al., 2014). Other diseases include dementia, psychosis, depression, among others. Low levels of carbohydrates can result in low blood sugar or blood glucose levels, however, high levels of carbohydrates can give rise to diabetes and obesity. Intake of refined carbohydrates also results in vitamin and mineral deficiency. Green leafy vegetables are good source of dietary fibers and also contain various compounds that help to prevent colon cancer. They also provide iron, which can prevent anaemia in the elderly. Elderly people have an increased risk of developing colon cancer if the diet has very poor amounts of green vegetables. Re d or orange vegetables like carrots, tomatoes, red capsicums are also important and are a good source of vitamins like vitamin C (Leong Oey, 2012). Deficiency of vitamin C can give rise to scurvy which causes gum bleeding. Moreover, wound healing processes also decline. Legumes and beans prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. Fruits like apples, guavas are a good source of fiber. However, citrus fruits are a good source of vitamin C. Fruits help to reduce the risk of cancer development. Lower intake of fruits can give rise to cardiovascular diseases and low blood pressure in the elderly. Fruits like bananas are also a source of folic acid. Increased intake of red meat can give rise to renal and colorectal cancer (Durko Malecka-Panas, 2014). Protein deficiencies in the elderly include sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), weight loss and loss of bone mass (Walston, 2012). Dairy-based foods are a good source of calcium and poor intake of dairy foods can give rise to calcium deficiency leading to osteoporosis, weak bones, weakness and fatigue (Compston et al., 2013). High levels of cheese intake can give rise to increased fat intake resulting in obesity as well as heart diseases. Recommendations Specific recommendations can be made to prevent dietary deficiencies as well as excesses in the elderly. Among grains, whole grain cereals should be the first choice. Various other cereals like corn, muesli can also be consumed. Reduced intake of refined flours and cereals should be kept in mind. Whole wheat breads can also be consumed. Consumption of green leafy vegetables like spinach, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbages are also recommended. Other vegetables like tomatoes, carrots, beetroots are also recommended. However, starchy vegetables like potatoes should be consumed at low amounts. Fruits like apples, bananas, guavas are good source of fibers and folic acid. Citrus fruits like oranges, peaches, pears are good source of vitamin C. Berries like strawberries, blueberries are good source of antioxidants. Sweetened fruit juices should be avoided. The elderly people are recommended to have more of poultry or fish based proteins rather than red meats. Moreover, they can also obta in their protein from sea foods and plant based products like soy. Among dairy products, milk and yoghurt are recommended. Among cheeses, ricotta cheese can be consumed compared to the other cheeses available. Alternatives like nuts, tofu, and salmon are also a good source of calcium and can be consumed apart from the dairy products. Conclusion Diet plays a very important role for maintaining the health of the elderly people. They require special care and additional requirements as compared to infants and young adults. The main nutrients required for health and well-being are carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fats. Every nutrient is essential and its lack can result in several deficiency diseases. However, increased intake of these nutrients can also give rise to various medical conditions as well. The elderly people require high amounts of dietary fiber, protein, good fats, minerals and vitamins, among others. Dietary fibers help to prevent colon cancer, bowel diseases, among others. Protein deficiencies can give rise to sarcopenia, weak bones in the elderly. Deficiency of minerals and vitamins can give rise to cardiac diseases, neurological problems, among others. However, increased levels of carbohydrates, fats and sugars can give rise to diabetes and obesity. This report shows that the elderly males of the nursing home have high intakes of carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol. Their average energy intakes were also high. They had poor intakes of dietary fibers, fruits and vegetables. They also consumed more red meats, sweetened fruit juices, starchy vegetables like potatoes, among others. This report was concluded with recommendations on dietary intakes of the elderly males in the nursing home. Reference list Aaseth, J., Boivin, G., Andersen, O. (2012). Osteoporosis and trace elementsan overview.Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,26(2), 149-152. Barnard, N. D., Bush, A. I., Ceccarelli, A., Cooper, J., de Jager, C. A., Erickson, K. I., Morris, M. C. (2014). Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.Neurobiology of Aging,35, S74-S78. Caputo, F., Vignoli, T., Leggio, L., Addolorato, G., Zoli, G., Bernardi, M. (2012). Alcohol use disorders in the elderly: a brief overview from epidemiology to treatment options.Experimental gerontology,47(6), 411-416. Compston, J., Bowring, C., Cooper, A., Cooper, C., Davies, C., Francis, R., Selby, P. (2013). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013.Maturitas,75(4), 392-396. Durko, L., Malecka-Panas, E. (2014). Lifestyle modifications and colorectal cancer.Current colorectal cancer reports,10(1), 45-54. Leong, S. Y., Oey, I. (2012). Effects of processing on anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamin C in summer fruits and vegetables.Food Chemistry,133(4), 1577-1587. Morris, M. C. (2012). Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,71(1), 1-13. Murray, C. J., Lopez, A. D. (2013). Measuring the global burden of disease.New England Journal of Medicine,369(5), 448-457. Nishinari, K., Fang, Y., Guo, S., Phillips, G. O. (2014). Soy proteins: a review on composition, aggregation and emulsification.Food Hydrocolloids,39, 301-318. Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ã… ½., Verschuren, W. M., Deaton, C. (2012). European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012).International journal of behavioral medicine,19(4), 403-488. Sizer, F. S., Pich, L. A., Whitney, E. N., Whitney, E. (2012).Nutrition: concepts and controversies. Cengage Learning. Walston, J. D. (2012). Sarcopenia in older adults.Current opinion in rheumatology,24(6), 623.

Workplace Motivation free essay sample

Employee motivation in the workplace is a major factor in helping a company to run smoothly. If employees are not motivated to perform to the best of their abilities the company could easily lose clients or take the company to the brink of bankruptcy. This paper will examine how various motivational strategies affect productivity at South Point Apartment Complex in Corpus Christi, Texas. The following paper will then identify and analyze the implications of applying two motivational theories that are not currently in practice at South Point Apartments and show how these motivational theories could impact both the management staff and the employees. Motivational Theories The employees at South Point apartment complex are a very unproductive team. McGregor’s Theory X is could easily be applied to this company. When looking for the leasing agent to show an apartment, she was nowhere to be found. Usually using the excuse she was checking on the empty apartments; making sure they were ready to rent. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to McGregor’s Theory X, people will try to avoid working at every chance they get. McGregor also believed humans have no desire for responsibility and need to be directed by others to complete the job. The apartment manager spent most of her time looking for the leasing agent, so she could give her specific instructions on what needed to be done. After receiving the specific instructions, the leasing agent would then complete the task with no problem. McGregor’s Theory X also stated people have little ability for being able to solve organizational problems (Pojidaeff, 1995). This also holds true for the staff at South Point. If a problem arises with one of the residents, no one knew what to do. The staff would literally pass the buck to someone else, then that person would do the same. Nothing was ever accomplished by the first person the problem was brought up to. Theory X also states, people do not like to change and they are gullible and unintelligent. Corporate for South Point finally realize their complex was going under due to the employees lack of motivation. Essentially, theory x assumes that the primary source of most employee motivation is monetary, with security as a strong second† (Pojidaeff, 1995, p. 5). South Point was not a high paying apartment complex so most employees were working for minimum wage. They did not have the extrinsic motivation which was needed for a job well done. Eventually South Point Apartment Complex started offering bonuses to the employees, vacations, and an increase in pay to the employees that were motivated to do their job correctly the first time. Motivational Theories for South Point Locke’s Goal-setting theory would greatly improve the employee motivation at South Point Apartments. â€Å"Goal-setting theory is one of the most accepted, most valid, and most useful of the motivation theories in the industrial and organizational psychology, human resource management, and organizational behavior† (Newcolm, 2011, para. 6). Locke discovered in his research that goals that are detailed and complex lead to better task performance; unlike goals that are informal and imprecise. The leasing agent at South Point Apartment Complex would have thrived if she was given goals she was to accomplish before the day was over. Instead she felt as if she had all the time in the world to finish one goal, therefore nothing would be accomplished by the end of the day. According to Locke there are five principles to goal setting. Goals must have clarity, be challenging, have commitment from the employee, feedback from the supervisor and have task complexity. With this being said the leasing agent would have a challenge put in front of her to accomplish and this would open the lines of communication between her and her employer. â€Å"When goals have clarity the goals are clear, measurable, unambiguous, and specific. Having clear goals results in fewer misunderstandings about what behaviors will be rewarded and what behavior is expected† (Reeve, 2009, para. 8). Using Locke’s Goal setting theory would benefit all employees at South Point Apartments. The apartment manager would be able to set goals for each of the employees from the maintenance man to the make ready lady. This way each employee would be given a goal for the day. Once this goal is accomplished, the manager would then be able to assign another goal. This would keep the employees motivated to do their jobs and not to be slacking off; hiding in the empty apartments. So much more would be accomplished at this apartment complex rather than a game of hide and seek. Putting in place Locke’s goal setting theory would motivate the employees to get the apartments ready to be leased in a reasonable amount of time. Another motivational theory that would be useful at South Point Apartment Complex is the Cognitive Evaluation Theory. â€Å"This theory suggests there are actually two motivation systems: intrinsic and extrinsic† (Motivational Theories, 2009, para. 6). According to this theory intrinsic motivators come from the sense of achievement from doing a job well. The employees would have competence, responsibility, and the sense of achievement when finishing their task at hand. Intrinsically motivated employees work for their own satisfaction and sense of achievement. This theory also involves extrinsic motivation. This stems from the rewards which employees are given to get them to accomplish the task at hand. South Point started offering bonuses to their employees for doing their jobs well. What South Point does not realize is eventually the newness of this reward system will wear off and the employees will start slacking again; at least until better rewards are put into play. Conclusion Employee motivation in the workplace is a valuable tool. Without motivation the company could fail. South Point Apartments describes McGregor’s Theory X to a T. If this apartment complex were to use Locke’s Goal Setting Theory the employees would have more motivation to do their jobs correctly the first time. Many companies do not use motivational strategies with their employees, but it they would; unmotivated employees would be a thing of the past.

Uniwide Coastal Mall Case Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Why is the UNIWIDE- COASTAL MALL non commercialize? † It is the job that this instance was seeking to understand and set a solution excessively. And why does this promenade continuously fall down. even the rabble stops to see and sponsor the topographic point? And because of that. the promenade can’t set up the gross revenues that they need in order for them to advance their concern. V. S. W. O. T. ANALYSIS: * STRENGTH* Location* Many client base on ballss* Transport Terminal* WEAKNESSES* Lack of Security* Poor and Old Facilities* Polluted Environment* OPPORTUNITIES* Less Competitors within the Vicinity* Stall Vacancy* Dominant* THREATS* Baclaran Public Market* New Malls rises* Free Spear Sellers near the VicinityVI. ACT ( ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION )* Renovate the whole Constitution* Improve the direction by the agencies of enrolling new originative and gifted employee * Create more Advertisement to advance the promenades VII. Recommendation:Act IIn order for the company to pull new and more client even those who seeks for occupation chance. We will write a custom essay sample on Uniwide Coastal Mall Case Analysis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the direction must restitute their installations to do the client. specially the people who passes by the country. what are the alterations and chance that awaits them. ACT 2 And when the invention of the promenade takes topographic point. they must besides engage the encephalons of the new direction that will gives new originative thoughts that will better non merely the installations but besides the gross revenues of the promenade. ACT 3 Last. as the promenade has its new face and stronger direction that will construct new advertizement that will advance the promenade that will do its rejoinder to the concern universe. VIII. Plan OF Action:HR DEPARTMENT:* Recruitment* Proper preparation to new employeePRODUCTION DEPARTMENT:* Find fresh and new faces that will stand for the promenade* Create their ain subject vocal Selling Department:* Schedule amusement plans that will suits the different type of promenade departers.* Create promos and competition that will acquire the involvement of the consumers ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT:* Keep path of their books of the history* Always record all the minutess of the company

Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Essay Example

Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Essay Example Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Paper Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Paper In order to measure the extent to which Freud’s theory can assist to understand a client’s showing issue. an apprehension of the theory will be discussed. I shall so look at the unfavorable judgments in order to do my rating. before coming to my concluding decision. The Theory behind Psychosexual Development Born on May 6. 1856 in Moravia. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian brain doctor who in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries. developed the field of depth psychology. Freud developed many theories including those that focus on the unconscious. the reading of dreams. Id. self-importance. and ace self-importance. and what is referred to as the psychosexual development theory. Freud saw the unconscious head as the existent beginning of mental energy. which determined behavior. and as many psychological attacks still assert ; behaviors is directed by an individual’s ends. Freud believed that behavior is the direct consequence of influence of all anterior experience. and these influences have greater consequence if from childhood. Harmonizing to Freud these experiences formed solid foundations on which a development kid would construction the remainder of its life. Adult personality was formed from childhood. harmonizing to the experience and intervention as a kid. Freud formed the sentiment that the early experiences of childhood were responsible for the development of personality. particularly during the first five old ages of life. He so went further and divided the infant’s development into phases associating to the comparative importance of zonary parts of the organic structure. which were relevant to the baby at a peculiar point in clip. Oral Phase The unwritten phase occurs in an infant’s life from birth to 18 months. During this clip. an baby is focused with having unwritten pleasance. This occurs through chest or bottle eating. or sucking on a conciliator. It is believed that if an infant receives excessively much or excessively small unwritten stimulation. they may develop a arrested development or a personality trait that is fixated on unwritten satisfaction. It is believed that these people may concentrate on activities that involve the oral cavity such as over feeding. seize with teething the fingernails. smoke. or imbibing. The theory states that these people may develop personality traits such as going highly fleeceable or naif. ever following others and neer taking the lead. and going highly dependent upon others. Anal Phase The anal phase is straight related to a child’s consciousness of intestine control and gaining pleasance through the act of extinguishing or retaining fecal matters. Freud’s theory puts the anal phase between 18 months and three old ages. It is believed that when a kid becomes fixated on having pleasance through commanding and extinguishing fecal matters. a kid can go haunted with control. flawlessness. and cleanliness. This is frequently referred to as anal retentive. while anal expulsive is the opposite. Those who are anal expulsive may be highly disorganized. unrecorded in pandemonium. and are known for doing musss. Phallic Phase Freud believed the phallic phase or the Oedipus or Electra composites occurs during a kid is three to six old ages of age. The belief is that male kids harbour unconscious. sexual attractive force to their female parents. while female kids develop a sexual attractive force to their male parent. Freud taught that immature male childs besides deal with feelings of competition with their male parent. These feelings of course resolve one time the kid begins to place with their same sex parent. By placing with the same sex parent. the kid continues with normal. healthy sexual development. If a kid becomes fixated during this stage. the consequence could be sexual aberrance or a baffled sexual individuality. Latency Stage The latency phase is named so because Freud believed there weren’t many overt signifiers of sexual satisfaction displayed. This phase is said to last from the age of six until a kid enters puberty. Most kids throughout this age signifier same sex friendly relationships and drama in a mode that is non-sexual. Unconscious sexual desires and ideas remain pent-up. Genital Phase Freud believed that after the unconscious. sexual desires are repressed and remain hibernating during the latency phase. they are awakened due to puberty. This phase begins at pubescence and develops with the physiology alterations brought on through endocrines. The anterior phases of development consequence in a focal point on the genitalias as a beginning for pleasance and teens develop and explore attractive forces to the opposite sex. The venereal phase is the last phase of the psychosexual development theory. Freud besides divided the head. the PSYCHE. into three parts: 1. The unconscious – stuff which can non be brought into witting consciousness 2. Preconscious – stuff non presently in witting consciousness but can be brought up to that degree easy. 3. Conscious – stuff that is present at that point in clip. These constructs can be equated to the ID. Ego. and Super-ego. These are abstract constructs which relate to the subconscious forces of the head which dominate human behavior. The Id The Idaho is the lone constituent of personality that is present from birth. This facet of personality is wholly unconscious and includes of the natural and crude behavior. Harmonizing to Freud. the Idaho is the beginning of all psychic energy. doing it the primary constituent of personality. The Idaho is driven by the pleasance rule. which strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires. wants. and demands. If these demands are non satisfied instantly. the consequence is a province anxiousness or tenseness. For illustration. an addition in hungriness or thirst should bring forth an immediate effort to eat or imbibe. The Idaho is really of import early in life. because it ensures that an infant’s demands are met. If the baby is hungry or uncomfortable. he or she will shout until the demands of the Idaho are met. However. instantly fulfilling these demands is non ever realistic or even possible. If we were ruled wholly by the pleasance rule. we might happen ourselves catching things we want out of other people’s custodies to fulfill our ain cravings. This kind of behavior would be both riotous and socially unacceptable. Harmonizing to Freud. the id attempts to decide the tenseness created by the pleasance rule through the primary procedure. which involves organizing a mental image of the coveted object as a manner of fulfilling the demand. The Ego The self-importance is the constituent of personality that is responsible for covering with world. Harmonizing to Freud. the ego develops from the Idaho and ensures that the urges of the Idaho can be expressed in a mode acceptable in the existent universe. The ego maps in the witting. preconscious. and unconscious head. The self-importance operates based on the world rule. which strives to fulfill the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The world rule weighs the costs and benefits of an action before make up ones minding to move upon or abandon urges. In many instances. the id’s urges can be satisfied through a procedure of delayed gratification–the self-importance will finally let the behavior. but merely in the appropriate clip and topographic point. The self-importance besides discharges tenseness created by unmet urges through the secondary procedure. in which the self-importance tries to happen an object in the existent universe that mat ches the mental image created by the id’s primary procedure. The Super-ego The last constituent of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the facet of personality that holds all of our internalized moral criterions and ideals that we get from both parents and society–our sense of right and incorrect. The superego provides guidelines for doing judgements. Harmonizing to Freud. the superego begins to emerge at about age five. There are two parts of the superego: 1. The ego ideal includes the regulations and criterions for good behaviors. These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authorization figures. Obeying these regulations leads to feelings of pride. value and achievement. 2. The scruples includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are frequently out and lead to bad effects. penalties or feelings of guilt and compunction. The superego Acts of the Apostless to hone and educate our behavior. It works to stamp down all unacceptable impulses of the Idaho and struggles to do the self-importance act upon idealistic criterions instead that upon realistic rules. The superego is present in the witting. preconscious and unconscious. The Interaction of the Id. Ego and Superego With so many viing forces. it is easy to see how struggle might originate between the Idaho. self-importance and superego. Freud used the term self-importance strength to mention to the ego’s ability to work despite these duelling forces. A individual with good self-importance strength is able to efficaciously pull off these force per unit areas. while those with excessively much or excessively small ego strength can go excessively dogged or excessively disrupting. Harmonizing to Freud. the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the Idaho. the self-importance. and the superego. Criticisms of the theory The book Human Development ( D. A. Louw. 1998 ) states that Freud’s theory is the consequence of an inventive reading of the memories and dreams of grownup neurotic patients instead than the consequence of a systematic observation of kids. This methodical failing is one of the most serious unfavorable judgments of his work. Memory is non a dependable beginning of scientific information. since it is frequently uncomplete. faulty. vague. and can be interpreted in many ways. In add-on. many of Freud’s patients became cognizant of his theories. and it is possible that they unconsciously changed and coloured their dreams and memories to match to his theories. Another unfavorable judgment is that Freud’s database was biased in the sense that he relied chiefly on the memories of his neurotic patients. instead than those of normal. well-balanced people. His attack was besides biased because in Freud’s clip. sexual tabu were much stricter that they are today. So it is possible that his strong accent on pent-up sexual thrusts is the consequence of the morality of that clip. A farther serious unfavorable judgment of his theory is that he saw the individual’s development as practically complete by the age of six. The accent on early childhood has prevented the proper survey of farther development for several decennaries. The concluding unfavorable judgment in this book is that Freud dealt with merely a few facets of human development. viz. psychosexual development. and to a limited grade. the development of aggression. The development of of import facet of human working such as thought. linguistic communication. societal relationships. emotions and motive were either wholly ignored or seen through the screen of his psychosexual theory. Other texts ballad claim to the same unfavorable judgments along with others ; that conclude that the theory is about wholly on male development with small reference of female psychosexual development. Such constructs as libido are impossible to mensurate. and hence can non be tested. and that Future anticipations are excessively obscure. How can we cognize that a current behavior was caused specifically by a childhood experience? The length of clip between the cause and the consequence is excessively long to presume that there is a relationship between the two variables. However. we can non deny that yesteryear has a important function to play in the presenting issue of a client and in the intervention of that issue. The neurotic behavior will necessarily come from a clients past. and I have no uncertainty that we become the people we are today because of our yesteryears. You could associate Freud’s theory to a sociopath. as they neer seem to germinate beyond the ID phase. They refer to others as objects. as they have neer have been able to develop to the latency phase where a lovingness and apprehension of others is acquired. so worlds are simply objects. So. for illustration. a consecutive raper has a demand to fulfill his sexual impulses. his self-importance is non at that place to guarantee that although he may hold that idea it is non socially acceptable to transport out the act. and there is no super-ego to do him experience guilty about his actions. However. it could besides be suggested that said individual was abused as a kid. and in bend. because of the hurting suffered as an abuse-e. they became the maltreater. In footings of moralss. if a healer was to result the psychosexual development as a complete procedure in their analysis of a clients issues. from research. they would hence be seeking through a clients past for the cause of the issues entirely through those phases. and would necessarily hold the demand to happen something within that clip cross to be the cause of the clients issues. This could either. conveying the healer to the decision that there can non be anything incorrect with the client. or could do the client believe that the cause of their issues was related to something that was of no existent relation to their presenting issue at all. therefore doing more emphasis and anxiousness within the client. We all remember certain phases of our life. good and bad. but those phases may be of no importance to us. but if person in authorization is discoursing these issues with you. they come to the surface ( into you witting ) . and so you could easy get down to believe that this cou ld be the cause. Decision Freud’s theories form the footing of all of today’s psychological theories and patterns. whether they are based from an understanding or struggle to his work. The best signifier of pattern is to handle a client’s presenting issues as to no others. but embracing tools from the work of Freud and others. and to integrate those into the pattern of deciding the presenting issues. The unconscious is a really powerful influence. and a good practician will understand this. but they must besides understand how each single interprets past state of affairss an molds them into something that their encephalon can understand. A client’s memory depends on non merely their upbringing. but their societal environment. their beliefs. faith and their coevals. Freud’s phases can easy be discredited all of these factors.

Marketing Strategy Analysis 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Strategy Analysis 2 - Assignment Example The firm’s online marketing strategy incorporates all features of online marketing, but through all the obvious techniques, it is their aggressiveness, which has stressed and widened their need to succeed and stay at the peak of the retail industry (Hayden et al., 2010). However, a hostile campaign inevitably harvests controversy, and through the years, the firm has been involved with a fair share of negative publicity mainly concerning their particular marketing technique (Bachfischer, 2012). Their bullying attitude has made many perceive them as unfair and unreasonable, but Wal-Mart still hinges at the top of the retail industry despite their negative attention. The firm’s marketing techniques comprises of overflowing the market with their presence (Hayden et al., 2010). This is startling for people who perceive Wal-Mart’s business endeavors startling. However, with such a huge quantity of retail stores, extremely competitive pricing, along with such a huge mar ket share, their marketing method has demanded an overall invasion of all the suitable markets (Bachfischer, 2012). Wal-Mart provides numerous types of products, with a fairly easy list of options (Hayden et al., 2010). The Sam’s Club of the chain store provides an alternative for those who prefer bulk, as well. And, with such a loyal customer base, the firm is capable of setting prices for what their clients pay for (Roth, 2012). If the product is below cost, then many clients can go for it. The truth is that Wal-Mart can give a firm a prime chance to get their goods to a majority of consumers even if they lose funds doing so. Their internet marketing has made them transparent in an effort to deter the controversy of their name (Bachfischer, 2012). A consumer can buy their whole collection of goods through the internet. A consumer can also go through reviews, get alternative deals for exceptional deals available only online and sign-up for a newsletter in order to be-on-the- know with the firm’s products (Hayden et al., 2010). In spite of this, such an organization depends strongly on their physical location, precisely why a store finder is situated at the peak in bright yellow (Roth, 2012). This competitive nature has made controversy thrive under their name. However, their marketing strategy has centered on quantity, as well as delivering a variety in one location (Gereffi & Christian, 2012). Their extending hands to McDonalds and the Subway for transport convenience further confirms this claim (Hayden et al., 2010). A normal shopper can get glasses prescription, their car oil changed and get a haircut under their building. A client can buy draperies on one side of the store and jewelry on the other. Shoppers can grab a new lawnmower and buy groceries, all while taking a haircut (Bachfischer, 2012). Wal-Mart’s recent union with SunTrust Bank has enhanced their presence in the Southeast. Their marketing strategy has always depended on var iety, which is how many things can a client buy in one location (Roth, 2012). Wal-Mart also uses Facebook along with other social media sites to drive their sales (Gereffi & Christian, 2012). The firm allows 22 million Facebook followers to vote on toys would like to see on temporary discounts, or on "rollbacks" (Bachfischer, 2012). The online marketing strategy of Wal-Mart provides convenience for the firm. Their internet

Describe with NAMED examples, the potential risks and benefits Essay

Describe with NAMED examples, the potential risks and benefits involved in the use of genetic manipulation of plants to improve yields of species of agronomic - Essay Example e this problem by modifying plants altering its genetic make up through genetic engineering producing a desired trait they wanted to resolve world economic problem. They are now producing variety that are high yielding , resistant to drought, insect pest and disease resistant, saline and water logged resistant, weed and pesticide tolerant and even improve the its nutritional value. Coupled with these discoveries, there are some potential risks in genetic modification (GM) in plants that are harmful both human and mother earth. In Human, some GM products would cause allergies as a result of new unidentified proteins gene transferred into unrelated organisms (Campaign Web site) that may create new allergen that causes an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals (GMO Web site). Bernstein, et. al. (cited GMO Website) reported that allergic reactions in human occur when a normally harmless protein enters the body and stimulates an immune response to proteins. There are reports that any allergic reaction to food can be serious, even life-threatening, and leads to anaphylactic shock (Campaign Website). The consumption of GMO product will increased cancer rates from Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH). This hormone was injected into cows in order to increase milk production and also human insulin- Like Growth Factor (IGF-1). This IGF-1 was observed to trigger breast, prostate and colon cancer based on reported studies (Environment website). Examples: 3. Bacillus thuringiences (Bt) can be found in corn, potatoes and cotton caused allergic reaction to some people. It will provoke some kind of immunological allergic changes like asthma and other allergic reaction to human based on the study of Ohio crop pickers and handlers as reported in Science News, 1999 (cited Campaign Web site). Second, through genetic modification plants were able to develop Antibiotic Resistance. Plants become resistant to antibiotics when genes that confer antibiotic resistance are inserted

Policy and Practice in PCET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy and Practice in PCET - Essay Example It was noted that the young people aged between 15-24 years needed much support before they attained their goals. During this time they usually experience so many changes in their lives. This includes physical changes of growth and also in the social settings. In their youthful stages they normally have so many choices and it is normally tricky for them to make a decision. They need much guidance and support. 1 This is where the young people are helped to access the working environment. This helps the young people to get quality skills in different areas. In the past there was the need bridge the gap between what the industry needed and the education sector in general. The government strived very hard to bridge this gap. The education sector needed to know what was marketable at that time. During the early 80's it was noted that the entire market wanted that the education system systems prepare children to work. In the early 1980's the local authorities were mostly accused of carrying out controls in the learning institutions. During this time it was noted that what the industries needed is not what the schools produced. It was noted that the knowledge passed on in schools was not quite shallow and quite theoretical and not practical. This was mostly started in the year 1973. It was aimed at helping the sixteen year olds to get the work experience. The government helped by financing such initiatives. The local companies and industries trained the young on job. This scheme was started on one year basis then later expanded to two years. Technical and Vocational Education This was initiated by the government in 1982.In this program the colleges were encouraged to include some practice of the work in their curriculum. Records had to be kept to monitor how the students performed Critically Assessing Vocationalising in the PCET has got its own advantages. It helps the young people be equipped with working skills early in life. This helps them to easily access jobs in the society. However it is healthy to note the other side of the coin of this venture. The vocationilising in the PCET is monolithic in nature. It really narrows down the learning process in the aim to meet what the market wants. Knowledge cannot just be narrowed down to a product, it is a process. In vocational education, as long as one gets the skill, that's all. The students lack reflection, insight and critique of things. 2 Strategies The PCET normally uses various strategies to widen participation. The widening participation strategy has got objectives like; The monitoring and tracking of students is done using a system. The system also helps the students who have completed their studies to get employment. This is where the companies the companies that are offering the training services retain the students. This strategy aims at encouraging the young people from backgrounds that are not highly represented to attend the PCET. Partnerships are highly encouraged to widen participation. The Higher Education Funding Council for England enhances participation in sports by funding the PCET programs. This enables the students from the low class groups in the society to access these services. Mostly the students ask the learning institutions or schools to retain them. The learning institutions normally give advice concerning the opportunities such

Polymers and plastics in biomedical applications

Polymers and plastics in biomedical applications Introduction Polymers are increasingly being used to fabricate biomedical materials for tissue engineering and wound treatment applications, as well as for drug delivery. For tissue engineering and wound treatment applications, the mechanical properties of the polymeric material have to be matched to the specific application. An example of tissue engineering is the use of bioresorbable polymeric orthopedic materials for bone regeneration applications. The degradable material supports the growth and adhesion of new bone cells (chondrocytes) and is porous so as to provide a large, continuous surface for cell proliferation throughout the matrix. The degradable material serves to maintain mechanical integrity while the bone heals itself. The materials are designed to degrade in a time suitable for the particular application, but may be on the order of six months to twenty-four months. An example of an external wound treatment application is artificial skin, where the polymeric material provides protection as new growth develops. Other materials are used internally to separate organs after surgical procedures. In tissue engineering and wound treatment applications the mechanical properties of the materials have to meet requirements specific to the application. In this experiment you will determine how the tensile properties of films of plasticized biopolymers depend on the chemical formulation of the material. Such applications are based on the polymer materials being degradable as well as biocompatible. Other applications might require materials that are biocompatible and nondegradable, such as long-term polyethylene implants. Polymers Polymers can be synthetic or biological. Synthetic polymers are almost always made from nonrenewable fossil feedstocks, mainly petroleum. Examples are polyethylene, polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), and polypropylene, all of which are polyolefins. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] is a synthetic polyester. None of the above-named polymers are degradable, the main reason being that the polymer backbones contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. Examples of biodegradable polymers derived from petroleum are poly(vinyl alcohol) [a polyalcohol], poly(ethylene glycol)[a polyether], and the polyesters polycaprolactone and poly(glycolic acid). Polymers with heteroatoms in their backbones are generally biodegradable, although there are exceptions. Biological polymers (biopolymers) are found in nature; they are intrinsically biodegradable. Abundant biopolymers include plant polysaccharides such as starch (composed of amylose and amylopectin), cellulose, agarose, and carrageenan, and animal polysaccharides such as chitin and the glycosaminoglycans. Abundant proteins include gelatin(denatured/hydrolyzed collagen), casein, keratin, and fibroin. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an example of a synthetic commercial polymer in which the monomer, lactic acid, is produced in large amounts through fermentation; the polymer is then synthesized by conventional methods. PLA is biodegradable. Mechanical Properties In implant and wound healing applications, the mechanical properties of the materials are of critical importance. In this experiment you will carry out tensile tests—tests in which specimens are placed between two clamps (grips) and drawn. The instrument measures and displays the force being applied (the load) and the resulting increase in the length of the sample (elongation, also called extension). From the dimensions of the film specimen (width and thickness), the instrument software calculates and displays the tensile stress (ï  ³), equal to the load (F) per unit area of cross section (A = width x thickness). It also calculates the (tensile) strain (ï  ¥), equal to the elongation (extension) divided by the original length of that portion of the specimen being measured (called the gage length). [In our experiment, the gage length is simply the separation of the grips securing the specimen.] The instrument will display percent elongation, which is the strain multiplied by 100. As the tensile test proceeds, the instrument generates and displays a tensile stress-strain curve, which is a diagram that displays values of tensile stress (in MPa) plotted against tensile strain (%). The test continues until the specimen breaks. From the stress-strain curve, the software determines, and reports the following results in table form: (1) Tensile strength at break (or ultimate strength), which is the tensile stress at break. (2) Elongation at break, as a percentage. (3) Youngs modulus (also known as elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity or sometimes simply as modulus). It is calculated as the initial slope of the stress-strain curve, which is usually observed to be linear with plastic films. This initial region reflects the elastic deformation of the specimen, in which the stress varies linearly with strain, analogous to Hookes law for the expansion of a spring. Beyond the linear region, the behavior is termed viscous; polymers and plastics are said to be viscoelastic materials. Modulus is a measure of the stiffness of the polymer or plastic. Table 1. Typical tensile properties of materials Material t.s.(MPa) elong.(%) modulus(MPa) polyethylene, low density 10 620 166 polycaprolactone 26 600-1000 435 polypropylene 36 1380 poly(lactic acid), biaxially oriented film 110/145 160/100 3310/3860 keratin(human hair) 526 46 6700 copper, annealed 240 30 100,000-130,000 steel 380-700 200,000-250,000 glass 2160-4830 50,000-70,000 Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 4th ed.; Handbook of Physics, 2nd ed. Experimental Procedure 1. Film casting Prepare the following cast films of plasticized biopolymers. Sample 1 Place 32 mL of 2%(v/v) aqueous glycerol solution in a 200 mL beaker. Add 88 mL water and 2.40 g starch and 4.8 g agar. Heat with stirring to approximately 85-95  °C or until the polymer is in solution; do not boil. Slowly pour the solution into the big petri dish on a flat level surface. Try to remove all imperfections (bubbles) from the surface. Sample 2. Repeat using 32 mL glycerol solution, 88 mL water, and 1.20 g starch and 3.6 g agar. Sample 3. Repeat using 48 mL glycerol solution, 72 mL water, and 1.20 g starch and 3.0 g agar. Sample 4. Repeat using 48 mL glycerol solution, 72 mL water, and 2.40 g starch and 3.5 g agar. Allow the solutions to set for approximately one hour then place the petri dish in the drying oven. Label all petri dishes. 2. Film conditioning After the agar films have been in the drying oven for about 24 hours, remove the petri dishes from the oven and place them in the large relative-humidity conditioning box (maintained at approximately 50% relative humidity) for 24-48 hours. 3. Preparing test specimens After conditioning, the films are ready to have test specimens prepared from them. Working with one sample at a time, remove the petri dish from the conditioning box. Slowly and carefully remove the film from the petri dish by first peeling one corner and then applying fairly equal pressure to the entire width of the film as it comes off the petri dish lengthwise. Place the sample on a piece of cardboard. Using the 1/4 wide aluminum template as a straight edge, and the cutting knife, cut a rectangle approximately 3.5 x 3 from the center of the film, so as not to include any edges, as they are often not as uniform in thickness as the center. Align the sample on the cardboard as follows: Place the 1/4 wide aluminum template vertically near one of the edges. Using the cutting tool, cut on both sides of the template to produce a specimen 3.5 long and 1/4 wide. Cut as cleanly as possible so as not to notch or tear the specimen. Cut six or seven additional strips, but do not use the second cut of the previous specimen as the first edge of the next; make two new cuts to produce each specimen. Place the cut specimens on a piece of filter paper and transfer them into the dessicator located next to the Instron instrument. Similarly prepare specimens from the other three film samples. 4. Measuring mechanical properties of test specimens During the laboratory you will measure the mechanical properties of the fours cast films. Measure at least five specimens for each of the four film samples. As you remove each specimen from the dessicator, you will be measuring the thickness of the specimen with a digital caliper. 5. Operating the Instron Testing Instrument Refer instrument manual. 6. Laboratory Report 1. Express the compositions of the four film samples in terms of the weight percent of each component to two significant figures (excluding water); i.e. % agar, % glycerol (the density of glycerol is 1.26) and, if present, % starch. 2. Prepare a summary table of results showing the mean values of tensile strength (Mpa) (to 3 sig. figs.) and its standard deviation, elongation (%) (to 2 sig. figs.) and its standard deviation, and elastic modulus (MPa) (to 3 sig.figs.) and its standard deviation. [ASTM specifies these numbers of significant figures; a smaller number of significant figures would otherwise be justified given the observed standard deviations.] 3. For the three agar-glycerol films what correlation do you observe between the effect of glycerol on one property and its effect on the others? Prepare a graph for each of the properties showing variation with composition. In Excel you can show a standard error for each point separately by using a separate data series for each point. Do not show a trend line and do not attempt to connect the data points.

The Four Functions of Management Essay -- essays research papers

The Four Functions of Management There are four functions of management that need to be successfully applied if a business is to survive and thrive in the fast paced economy of today. They are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Every business, large or small, public or private will benefit from a well-structured, coordinated, directed, and monitored business plan. Planning is the process of defining a structured sequence of specific tasks that need to be accomplished to achieve a goal. Good planning is key to their success of all projects. Some projects involve the installation of whole production lines and others may involve only modifications to an existing line. However the size or scope of the project, there must be a well thought out plan in place to guarantee a successful outcome. When planning a project it is important to first imagine the completed project. The project manager must ask him/herself, what will the successful project look like? What are the customer’s requirements? When these questions are answered the project manager can move forward with an action plan. One method a project manager will use to begin developing the action plan is to break the project down into manageable segments. Each segment will have numerable tasks and we will call them â€Å"milestones†. When building the list of project milestones it is helpful to begin by imagining the completed project and working backwards, consider all the steps it took to get there. Now that the project manager has a list of milestones and has broken them down into manageable segments, he or she will organize the necessary resources into a project team. This organizational aspect is vital to the success of the project. The team will be comprised of individuals qualified to deliver those milestones. A project manager charged with modifying an aseptic filling line will select team members from engineering, manufacturing, process validation, quality assurance, and safety. The project manager is now the project team leader. The team will meet and agree on a timeline for meeting the project milestones. The team leader will establish the frequency of subsequent meetings, assign responsibilities, and state member expectations through the development of a team charter. The entire team will participate in developing the charter. The charter will describe their com... ...t has 4 fields they are the action item, date assigned, individuals responsible, and date when they expect to deliver. During each team meeting the team members are required to report the progress made on their action items and comment on their anticipated completion. It may be possible for the team leader to adapt and modify the timeline based on unexpected challenges or changes that can often occur. After each team meeting the scribe will produce a formal-minutes document and E-mail it to all members. This is helpful in that all members will know through their â€Å"next steps† what is expected of them and their role on the team. The team has completed their goals when all milestones in the plan have been achieved. As technology changes, businesses have to change with it to remain competitive. Businesses must be willing to apply the four functions of management in new ways. In the example above the team concept is used to empower and motivate its members by giving them ownership in the project, however a team needs a good plan to follow. Today’s manager is often a team leader that delegates, motivates, controls, and targets resources towards the successful completion of the project.

Lord of the Flies – Reflection of Society

In society, people have the ability to become violent no matter the personality of the individual. Brutality is in all animal species. The only difference between humans and the animals is the ability of the human mind to control one's thoughts and actions, however, even this ability can be lost if presented with a situation that becomes so stressful or so outrageous that the mind is no longer in control. This is exactly what happens in the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Within this book people will find exactly how brutal a human being can become when the boys are trapped on an island with no other adults with them. This book proves without a doubt that all individuals have the natural capacity for brutality. Jack was already a destructive person before the boys ever became stranded on the island, however, he somehow is driven to kill. Jack was considered a likeable guy that was admired and feared by many. Jack could easily be described as a popular football star or a popular person in today's world. Jack, after not getting his way, decides he will form his own group of boys to be against the other group. This begins the destructive course of society much like it happens today. He takes a group and tries to overthrow the other by force and deception. Roger is just pure evil. A person can only wonder how such a boy could have been on a plane and not in a mental institute. Roger seems to be the one feared mostly for his insanity. The best example of his capacity for brutality occurs when he decides to kill Piggy with a falling boulder. In the beginning of the book, he only tossed rocks at people but never hit them. Now, as time has past, he has lost all control of his mind and now seems only to act on instinct, survival being one of the instincts he follows the most. Piggy and Ralph seem to be the only level headed people on the entire island so it might be hard to conceive them causing harm to anyone or letting their instincts of survival take control of them. However, this is exactly what happened. Ralph's group was so scared that Jack's group may attack them, when Simon came to give them some information, Ralph's group killed him. They only killed Simon because they believed he was from Jack's group or the beast coming to get them. It was not until after they killed Simon that they noticed what had happened. The strangest thing about this is that Ralph and Piggy, the most level headed of the group, participated in killing Simon. Ralph and Piggy, despite their rational behavior, became irrational when they fear the worse. Fear is definitely one of the biggest factors that cause people to take action rather than thinking about the consequences. The only character that can be considered non brutal would have to be Simon. Simon played a very important role in this book because was the one that could see what others could not see. The most ironic twist in the story was when he was killed. Before he met his fate, he was talking with the cut off head of a pig that Jack's group gave to the beast as a sort of â€Å"sacrifice. † The pig told him that the anger within them, the boys on the island, would end up destroying them. As Simon comes back to tell them what he had been told, he was killed by his own group in fear that he was the beast or part of Jack's group. The killing of Simon seemed to symbolize the end of innocence and humanity. The one person that could have saved them all was killed out of instinct and fear. William Golding probably had Simon killed because no one listens. Take a look at today's society. Why would anyone believe in a person that talks to a pig's head for advice? Also, most people today does not or will not stop and listen to those who are trying to help. Once people reach that point of no return, nothing, not even a friend could help them. This seems to be the belief of Golding. Golding has brought out much or his views on life in this book. Lord of the Flies gives a good view on today's society and how society might react in such a situation. The book also gives insight into human nature and what humans are capable of when there is nothing left but fear and survival. With Golding being part of a great war he definitely understands more than most what people will do from the battlefield. All the rules change while on the battlefield just as when the boys were stranded on the island. Golding seems to be leaving a message for all of mankind to see and perhaps a warning of things to come.

Leadership is Action and Not Position

Leadership is Action and Not Position Summary of the pertinent facts of the case From the case study provided, it is evident that an individual can be given executive duties depending on his/her actions but not managerial position. For instance, Charles Turner was doubtful about the position he was given since he was not sure whether he could perform the tasks that characterized his new job.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership is Action and Not Position specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was given a huge responsibility of improving the sales of the organization; nonetheless, he had not established the certainty of the market. Normally, it is arguable that leadership is not a subject of an individual’s position but rather his actions in the duties he/she has been given. In addition, it is all about how an individual treats other people, works hard towards achieving his goals, as well as doing the right things. This is a crucial provisi on in the context of leadership and execution of critical organizational duties. Leadership also concerns how an individual is able to take institutional responsibilities. Charles needed to work with some other senior people like Ferris, who had worked in his position before, to ensure that he could perform his duties as stipulated by the rules and regulations of their organization. Additionally, he was able to give Charles some new ideas through making some excellent reports which enlightened him (Charles). After the orientation, he was able to fill the vacant managerial positions in different regions with ease. Consequently, this showed that he was a good leader by actions and not position. This is because he was ready to learn from others and respected the fact that not every individual is perfect. Regardless of his position, Charles could consult Ferris whenever he had any problem. On the other hand, Ferris was also able to understand that consultation was the only way out for a n individual to find solutions to his or her problems.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, Ferris was able to realize that egotism and voracity, which could result into distrust within the organization or even failure of the company in this context. That is the reason why he was ready to help Charles whenever he needed some assistance. After the introduction of the new plant, the two principals were able to work together towards improving the sales of the product. Moreover, they were able to employ some working staff who assisted in achieving the targeted goals. Conclusively, the two principals were able to prove to the public that leadership is not the position an individual holds but rather his actions within his position. Philosophically, the term â€Å"pragmatic leadership† draws its basic definition from the kind or nature of the roles that th e specific person undertakes/spearheads. This is relevant in the provided case despite the challenges. Generally, a pragmatic leader may be termed as an individual charged with the obligation of planning, organizing as well motivating and controlling his/her subjects for a common goal. Most pragmatic leaders usually assume superior roles within distinct teams and have the authority to exercise certain definite powers. Within corporate settings, the leaders have the obligation to enhance the apprehension of the basic leadership process. In undertaking such roles, corporate leaders formulate plans and decisions. Apart from these, these leaders bear the obligation of supervising, controlling and organizing various factors within the corporate organization. Some of these factors may include human resource or other personnel, finances, as well as the critical information resources. An assessment of the situation It is arguable that a true leader is not determined by the position he or sh e holds in an organization but what he/she can do in the given position. Despite all the challenges being faced in the current situation, leaders are not supposed to lose hope in what they want to accomplish.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership is Action and Not Position specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, this will clearly prove that their leadership is not based on their position but rather what they are able to do as discussed earlier. As revealed in the case provided, leaders should be aware that they are always surrounded by individuals who have more experience than them. Therefore, he has to respect the people who are working and him. According to the situation in this context, it is evident that leadership without action is not recognized. For instance, Ferris was able to take responsibility as a manager through the reorganization (Gill 202). Additionally, he was able to provide some as sistance to his colleague Charles Turner whenever he needed. Through his actions as a manager, the organization was able to increase its sales. Besides, their organization was able to actively compete in the market with some other companies which produced similar products. For the organization to achieve its short-term and long-term goals, it must enhance its leadership roles and motivate its workers. This is a critical recommendation to solve the current problems identified earlier. Through credible leadership, inspiration, and exemplary performances, the workforce will be able to progress the firm via management efficiency. Organisational Behaviour (OB) studies employees in the realms of their thinking, feelings, and operations within the organization. It is recommendable for company to enhance its leadership provisions so as to curb the mentioned problems (Alyssa 65). Motivated employees will ensure that customer needs are met with precision and promptness. Additionally, motivati ng workers will enhance teamwork and problem solving techniques. Consequently, the company should only recruit professionals who are able to structure credible distribution mechanisms. Additionally, employees should be empowered. Consequently, they will achieve self-determination and motivation.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As indicated before, it is important to agree that a true leader is not determined by the position he is holding but what he is able to accomplish within the organization for prosperity. In spite of all the challenges being faced by most of the organizations in the current situation, leaders are not supposed to lose hope in what they want to accomplish as mentioned earlier. This is a critical provision in the context of leadership and execution of critical organizational duties. Assessment of possible alternative strategies and likely consequences One of the possible alternatives was to reduce the prices of the products and improve their quality. Consequently, such products would realize bountiful sales and the organization would actively compete with other companies which produces similar products as discussed earlier. This will also ensure that Charles could sell the products and meet the required deadline. Besides, the profile of the manager in charge would also be improved. The other possible alternative was to acquire much training before fully assuming his responsibilities (Krar and Arthur 203). To fill the managerial positions that were vacant, Turner is supposed to employ workers who are competent enough. Subsequently, they will be able to provide some vital ideas that could bring some vital changes in the organization (Gill, 12). Providing proper training to the worker on how to handle the customers will also improve their relationship. Therefore, the company will be able to retain most of their customers. To reduce the imbalance of power, all the manager sin the department should be consulted before making some vital decisions. Organizations tend to acknowledge the value created by their employees and leaders. Various studies show that this could be depicted by the changing trends in the production and management processes. Various studies indicate that viable changes introduce new values to the organizational employees. The accruing values could be in the form of skills and knowledge acquired through training. Thus, in this context, training appears as an important attribute, which may adjust the employees’ attitudes accordingly. The assertions researchers suggest that training sustains organizational productivity. It empowers the employees in terms of innovation and creativity. On the other hand, when an organization trains the employees and its leaders for various roles, it helps the business to survive in the competitive market environment. Based on this reason, leadership and employees’ training and support can support successful wealth creation in an organization and successful completion of duties. It is clear that without appropriate leadership and workforce training, the employees may dismally perform their duties. This source will offer supportive literature for the action research. It establishes that lack of workforce training may negatively affect the organization performance. The choice of action and strategy Leaders are expected to be accountable by implementing the stipulated goals. Additionally, they should ensure that the organization is able to take the needs of all people into consideration by developing some vital programs and implementing them. During the recruitment process, leaders are supposed to show their actions by employing people of different gender and race. Moreover, they should also consider those people who are disabling. Leaders are also required to share their responsibilities with different people in order to meet their requirements (Fulmer and Jared 159). To show their actions, leaders are supposed to look for feedback from the other members and the customers. This will help them make some changes to the areas that had some weaknesses hence improving their performances and that of the organization. Generally, leadership skills are hardly hereditary abilities. An individual who eventually becomes a great leader undergoes many learning processes. They stud y other leaders, try to imitate their conducts and select their role models. Most American leaders have chosen Abraham Lincoln as their role model due to his intelligence and leadership prowess (Pace 200). Of course, great leaders can falter; however, they can improve their skills by the feedback they get from different people. This helps them develop into great leaders since they are able to transform their behaviors to the better (Gill, 12). Accordingly, the concerned leadership is aimed at ensuring that the project is carried out successfully. Besides, it is going to frame and include all the viable steps that will be used in the plan. As a leader, Charles Turner was also going to provide more information and adequate procedures that will be helpful in the completion of the project. This will set a good example to team that is responsible for carrying out the project. According to Vijay (2011), some Friga rules of engagement are going to be employed to ensure that the project is successful. The key questions that are going to be useful in driving the project will be identified. An analysis of generalizations In this particular case, it is evident that leaders are supposed to consult with some other leaders before making vital decisions. Additionally, they are supposed to practice what is required by the rules of the organization. They are also supposed to be responsible for all the activities that are taking within the organization (Ricketts 216). Leaders are also supposed to be ready to accept the ideas provided by other workers to make sure that they improve in their performances. At the time of recruitment, the leaders are supposed to practice maximum fairness in terms of gender and race. Conclusively, it is vital to agree that leadership is based on what leaders are able to do and not various positions they are able to occupy in their organizations. Concurrently, in the context of organizational leadership, it is also important to establish some plans t hat are frequently updated to match the organizational needs. The business plan should also contain some of the information on what the project is all about and how it is going to be carried out. Additionally, as a leader, the knowledge and skills of the people setting up the project must also be taken into consideration (Alyssa 54). They must have some information regarding the business and its environment. As provided in the case study, this will assist them in making the right decisions that will make the project be successful. The company’s knowledge is also used to evaluate some of the factors considered important for the intended project. Algorithm should be applied to avoid political infringement in the process of setting up the priorities. This is a critical provision in the context of leadership and execution of critical organizational duties. Fulmer, Robert and Jared Bleak. The Leadership Advantage: How the Best Companies Are Developing Their Talent to Pave the Way for Future Success. New York: AMACOM/American Management Association, 2008. Print. Gill, Roger. Theory and Practice of Leadership. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2010. Print. Alyssa, Gregory. Great leaders are born or made. 2009. Web. https://www.sitepoint.com/are-great-leaders-born-or-made/ Krar, Stephen and Arthur Gill. Exploring Advanced Manufacturing Technologies. New York, NY: Industrial Press, 2003. Print. Pace, John. Professional development series: Books 1-4. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2006. Print. Ricketts, Cliff. Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, 2011. Print.

buy custom Hamlet as a Tragic Hero essay

buy custom Hamlet as a Tragic Hero essay Shakespeare presents Hamlet as a tragic hero. He has smart traits to qualify to be a hero. For example, this character is daring and brave. This is portrayed by the fact that he takes a high risk by going to England. In case his plan failed, this character would be executed in England. Hamlet also comes out as a loyal person in that he remains loyal to his father. He gets angry because of his fathers death and, thus he remains angry at his mother and Claudius for killing his father. Hamlet also comes out as an intelligent person when he pretends to be insane to be able to gather the necessary information regarding Claudius. He, however, had a flaw since he could not move on whenever he wanted. Hamlet continued attending school even as an adult for failure to move on with life. It also took him a long time to stop grieving his fathers death simply because he could not move past that. Finally, when he managed to stop grieving, Hamlet could not kill Claudius. He continued to pretend that he was mad even after confirming that Claudius caused his fathers death. Hamlet could not accomplish many things. He did not marry Ophelia even after dating her for a long time. The audience pities Hamlet for his parents death, and the fact that he loved his parents such that he became hurt by the changes that took place. Hamlets failure to move over one thing led to his death. He is killed using a poisoned sword. He had several opportunities to deal with Claudius but he made a decision being a tragic hero. The tragedy of Hamlet is an enigma. At one time, Hamlet should kill the king, but the play portrays him as a failure since he is unable to kill him. Some people argue that Hamlet failsto revenge because his inner feelings do not permit him. He seems to be weak willed. It could also be that the task placed on his shoulders was heavy for him. Other critics argue that Shakespeare wanted to show tragedy of a person who is weak willed, and at the same time poorly equipped. Other critics argue that Hamlet fails to kill the king because of the obstacles he comes across as he tries to accomplish his goal. Opposition from the king and his people makes proves difficult to kill the king at once. These critics believe that Hamlets aim was not to kill the king, but to chastise him and expose him for his guilt. Two things happen at the end of the tragedy. Hamlet kills the king alongside four other victims. The audience gets surprised since they did not expect that to happen. Reasons behind the killing of the killing are so obvious such that the audience has forgotten the initial reason for revenge. People do not hear the death of Hamlets father in the end of the play. The king gets killed as a result of different reasons from vengeance. The tragedy, therefore, reaches its catastrophe. The kings death, however, is overshadowed by several immediate causes and several other deaths. These killings are different from other killings that had occurred, previously, in the tragedy. Most of the previous deaths happened but was not noticed. The queen also dies, and people do not seem to notice. We only see Hamlet biding him farewell (Shakespeare 58). Hamlets death also gets overshadowed and blurred. After his death, he is no longer remembered. The tragedy can be explained by two formulas. First, we shall use the formula of the story where Hamlet avenges his fathers death by killing the king. According to tthe formula of the plot, Hamlet does not kill the king for that reason but for different reasons other than vengeance. This contradiction is part of the play by Shakespeare who intended to express himself by teasing the audiences emotions. The tragedy fulfills its task set from the beginning, but it keeps on deviating. The audience realizes later that it came from a very different direction. The reasons that prevented Hamlet from killing the king, led to the death of the king. The catastrophe gets to a point of contradiction when the play is interrupted by irrational events. However, the mystery and obscurity come from the author. Conclusion In conclusion, the plays contradiction revolves around the story, plot, and the dramatis. These three factors develop differently. Hamlet makes feelings of the audience move to two levels. First, one can see the goal of the tragedy and secondly the digressions arise. After the kings death, the death of Hamlet, the protagonist, attracts people immediately. This gives the spectator understand the contradictions and conflicts that existed throughout the play. Different people give different reasons for Hamlets delay or failure to act. Some say that the task given to him was tough for him to tackle. Others believe that that Hamlet was a coward with some other critics arguing that Hamlet was an imaginary person since he had long died even before the start of the play. However, we have found out that it was the authors tactic to bring out the message intended to give his audience. He, however, manages to kill the King at the end of the play, though he appears to have killed him for differe nt reasons rather than vengeance for his fathers death. Buy custom Hamlet as a Tragic Hero essay

Drugs and Substance Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Drugs and Substance Abuse - Essay Example This has affected, in an adverse way, the anticipated economic gains that would have been made in the area. For the past 5 years, this wave of destruction has swept through the county of Mobley in spite of the public protests and demonstrations her residents have conducted. MADAAT has recorded successful initiatives over the last three years with more than 2700 persons rehabilitated and the rate of drug and substance abuse decreased by 30%. This will be a great event and a lot of activities will take place. There will be football and volleyball tournaments, debates on how to curb alcohol and drug abuse, free counseling on alcohol and substance abuse and training on how to counsel and care for drug addicts to help them rehabilitate. Mobley has lost about 300 very young and energetic youths due to drug abuse annually, according to MADAAT Secretary General, Mr. Godwin Brooke. â€Å"We urge the Mobley’s vast society, whether affected or otherwise, to try and come for the organized event. We further encourage all the individuals that wish to participate in any of the activities of the big day, to apply and submit their applications on-line through our website,† MADAAT Organizing Secretary said on his speech while addressing the students at Mobley College for Business Studies. â€Å"This event will add a lot of force to the fight against drug and substance abuse in Mobley. We target to achieve a decrement in this disaster practice by 10-15% by the end of this year,† he added. The Mobley Alcohol and Drug Abuse Awareness team was found and initially made up of 28 members from The Ashleigh University Christian Union, Mobley. Today, it is a well organized fraternity of men and women across the Mobley County; persons with common interests and beliefs to curb this monster that threatens to tear Mobley apart.

Public Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Public Relations - Assignment Example This is a professional organization comprising of professionals from different walks of life who are interested in developing their careers within this field. I am confident that if I jouin this organization, I will immensely benefit since I wil get an opportunity to interact with other people with a wealth of knowledge in this particular field. This will also give me exposure to other pertinent issues that often shape the profession of integrated marketing communication and public relations. Above all, networking This organization fits with my goals because it is designed to enlighten all the members about the paths they can follow in as far as their career development is concerned. This association will also help me to interact with other professionals in the same field where we can exchange information and other relevant ideas that can contribute towards the generation of knowledge in our field. The organization has upcoming events and conferences that are meant to boost our knowledge in the field of marketing communication and public relations. For instance, the association has upcoming conferecnces that include the following: Ameerican Marketing Association’s 2014 Annual Conference, Brand Manage Camp as well as the 2015 Analytics with Purpose Conference among

International Corporate and Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International Corporate and Contract law - Essay Example Contract and business law are increasingly composite and at the present they affect every industry and all types of commercial contract; from entering into an agreement, to ensure the validity of purchase circumstances. A contract law is generally an agreement enforceable through law. For the legal contract law to become legal, it must satisfy certain legal necessities. There are various courses of contracts which, though ideal so far it relates to structure, consideration and contract, are not specified. All the agreements are deemed to be contracts, if the agreements are prepared by the free consent of the parties, capable to contract, for a legal consideration with a legal objective, and are not specifically declared as invalid. The following are considered as the necessary elements of a valid contract: agreement, intention to create a legal relationship, free and genuine consent, and parties competent to contract, legal consideration, legal object, agreements not declared void or illegal, certainty of meaning, possibility of performance and the necessary legal formalities. In this particular problem scenario, there is no written agreement among the parties to the agreement so this is not a valid contract. As a case in point, John is not liable to pay compensation to Gold Iron Inc. As he, John John, claims that he did not enter into any binding agreement wit the firm, and that his signature produced by the Gold Iron Inc. was forged. â€Å"The Contract Act is the law of those agreements which create obligations, and in case of a breach of a promise by one party to the agreement, the other has a legal remedy.† (Law of Contracts n.d). The Fact of the Case: In this case, Gold Iron Inc, which is a steel manufacturer company, is incorporated in Pennsylvania (USA). John, is an Italian citizen, is an engineering consultant who has spent much of the time traveling round the earth. When he is not at work, he spends his time with his family in Italy and also wit h his mistress in England. John’s assets are mostly located in England. During his journey he happened to meet the president of Gold Iron Inc that is Mr. Unwin at a conference in New York. As a result of this relationship is that John agreed to carry out some consultancy work on behalf of Gold Iron Inc. John, on the other hand, claims that he did not go into any kind of binding agreement and that his signature was forged. The Agreement enclosed a clause of dispute resolution that says: Any argument arising out of this agreement consisting of questions regarding its validity and existence will be exclusively referred to the courts in English, and that the governing rule of this agreement shall be Italian law too. After few months Gold Iron Inc started legal proceedings against John in the courts of Italy for breach of contract. In the course of the actions John’s lawyer claimed that Gold Iron Inc was intentionally seeking to delude the court by forged written proof. The court decided that the proof was not forged and completed that John was in breach of contract. The Italian court handed down a verdict in December in Gold Iron Inc’s favour, ordering John to pay compensation of â‚ ¬5 million. â€Å"Since a very substantial body of European contractual and commercial law derives its inspiration from Roman law, it is appropriate that modern Italian law be taken as representative of the contract and commercial law

Apple Company Essay Example for Free

Apple Company Essay Apple Company was created by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976. Now Apple Company became very famous company in the world. It was made a lot of machine and computers. In recent years it’s created something that was very helpful to the human. For example such as Ipad2, Ipad3, Ipad4 that is a small hand computer. Human can use it store a lot of things and they can use it to watch moves talk to each other, use it for GPS and so on. He also made Iphone3 to Iphone5. These phone are famous and useful and it was perfect phone. Iphone5 series has many kinds of function. It can help human to do anything they want. It is easy to use and convenience to everybody in their life. Now Apple Company has contracted with many companies, such as ATT, TSMC and so on. Apple Company has a lot of supporters all over the world. Creator and history In 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created Apple Company. Jobs growth after several twists and turns. First Jobs dont like bundle, when he was a student. before he started his elementary school. His mother gave him in advance how to learn. But this has led to the later he arrived at the school. He said he has nothing to do for a few years and usually look for trouble by himself. Jobs soon discovered they can do work. Jobs like natural work, rather than be disciplined by others. Jobs met in the different authority, he disliked it. He almost and obey them, his curiosity about all sorts of things that they almost captured him. Jobs in McCollum class only with a years time to learn over three years of course. Jobs have a project, he made a photocell switch device, this matter after exposure the school of science living the school can make the device, jobs gets knowledge from his father. And his is very interesting in laser. Jobs and a few friends partnership created belong to his light show stereo system. In McCollum’s class, jobs and a new graduate teachers to become friends. They especially like in the classroom with all the time to discuss their legend. His brother Stephen Wozniak worked in a swimming team almost five years, so jobs know more about electronic. But in the emotional and social he is a senior high school student, very weak. When Mike Markkula joined Jobs and Wozniak, Jobs their fledgling partnership into Apple Co., LTD. In January 1977,their valued about $5309. Four years later they think it is time to open the value. It is the first public in 1980, become most oversubscribe, apple company would be $1.79 billion. Yes, billion. In this change process it will make three hundred millionaires. Development Apple has a lot of competitors, Such as IBM, Microsoft, etc. They are rivals as well as a friend, in 1991 they had technical communication. In astronomy, the two stars orbit is binary system is closely related. Because of their attraction is interaction. In history have a similar situation, when a time made the relationship and competition two track star: In the twentieth century physics Albert Einstein and Bohr, for instance, in early American management, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander. Hamilton. For the first thirty years of the personal computer era, in the 1970 s, the definition of a binary star system is made up of two were born in 1955 college students of high energy control. Bill Gates and jobs has a very different character and background, although they have the same ambition interchange technology and business. Gates father is a Seattle famous lawyer, his mother a city in all kinds of famous leaders of the board of directors. He became a technical personnel a rebel, hippies, spiritual seekers, or members of the counterculture. Not a blue box destroy the phone company, gates in the school to create a program to help scheduling local traffic engineer and he such a car calculation procedure he got the girl. He went to Harvard, but he decided to leave school, this is not to find the enlightenment and the Indian master but a computer software company. Jobs also have the same thing. This is twin cooperation. When the first developed was Macintosh, Jobs to visit near Seattle gates office. Microsoft wrote some applications for Apple II , including one called Multiplan spreadsheet program, jobs want to stimulate gates and his company, for the upcoming Macintosh computer do more. Sitting in the Gates meeting rooms, jobs for public computer made a tempting perspective, friendly interface, this show is in a California factory automation has millions of production. He in the California suction silicon components and cultivate complete dream factory lead to Microsoft team Macintosh computer program code sand. They even put engineering reverse to a acronym, Steves amazing new devices. But in the end they twin and no successful cooperation. In 1988 when jobs announced the future computer, caused a excited. The second year began to sales, computer finally failed. The ability of jobs, move in media began to fail him, a series of things that companies get into trouble. Because of the presence of relatively small software running, so then, it has been difficult to attract customers. Jobs was fired the board of directors, in 1996 the second back to apple. Apple Story Apple the pursuit of perfect, it also led to the growth of its ups and downs. Jobs not willing to give up work and control anything, especially when it may affect the customer experience. But he was faced with a problem. There is a part of the process he does not control: in a store to buy apple products experience. He went on to do a insightful views: this difference in design philosophy, he said, he and the apple is not good at cooperation with other companies. Because Woz and I made the company based on the whole banana, we are not so good at working with people, he said. I think if apple in its DNA can have more, may make him its very good. As early as in 2002, jobs have been impatient, Microsoft engineer development platform of computer software developed, it allows users to pen or pen input information on the screen. Some manufacturers released tablet PC this year using software, but have no effect on field. Jobs have been eager to prove no pen in how to use! But when he saw the development of apple is touch technology, he has decided to the first to use it in the iPhone. The first Apple computer was created in 1985s. It is name â€Å"Mac XL† By the end of 1985 apple MAC computers sold only 500000, no hit the two million mark, until 1988. Then they created â€Å"Mac128†, â€Å"Mac512†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Quadra 700† that was the first apples new MAC computer sales specifically for enterprise and graphics professionals provided. And then they created Mac 9500. Computer Mac 9500 is the first based on the PowerPC and can replace CPU tower daughter card. And in recent years at 2003 they created the first flat-panel iMac. â€Å"We must always give our customers the pure sex. It is like a in the back seat of a car with a beautiful girl rendezvous. Peoples experience and personal computer should be able to give you the biggest high tide.† said by Jean-Louis. Apple iPhone  They use an iPod that makes calls. By 2005 iPod sales soared. A surprise number twenty million. One year, is equivalent to the amount of the first four years. IPod products more and more important, this year, the companys bottom line, accounting for 45% of revenue, And it is also exaggeration polishing company image, driving, MAC computer sales. The same thing will happen to iPod, if mobile manufacturers begin to build music player to their mobile phones. Everyone carry a cell phone, it will make iPod unnecessary. Customers will want to use the prospect that jobs and his team became excited, construct a phone call. Their original method is to modify the iPod. They tried to use track wheel as a way for users to roll call option. No keyboard, try to enter the Numbers. It is not a natural choice. At that time they had a second project in apple: A secret efforts to build a computer platform. In 2005, the story is divided, iPod idea actually from before, in order to help s hape the iPhone. The value of the Apple More than $50 billion has been cut off, science and technology giant apples market value as its share price slump. Share price dropped 12%, make poor iPhone in Christmas and Halloween sales plunged, mini iPod effect is the main reason for the company sales performance. The latest computer giant data showed that Mac sales fell 21.2% from the same period last year, Believe that the consumer is so infatuated with they buy the tablet PC, rather than a more expensive Mac computers. Some reports even claimed that smaller, cheaper iPod mini have similar influence on the size iPod sales. Because the Christmas iPhone sales not beautiful, apple shares dropped 12%, Apple Company is may lose it’s in intelligent mobile phone market dominant position. Conclusion  Since Jobs created the Apple Company and developed from 1976 to now. This company it also led to the growth of its ups and downs. And introduced Jobs grew up. Jobs dont like bundle, when he was a student. In 1985 Apple Company had the first computer they created. At 2003 they created the first flat-panel iMac. They use an iPod that makes calls. Their original method is to modify the iPod. They tried to use track wheel as a way for users to roll call option. No keyboard, try to enter the Numbers. It is not a natural choice. At that time they had a second project in apple: A secret efforts to build a computer platform. Then the iPhone was born. Due to the mini iPod encroach on apples profits, Mac computer sales profit rate is low, Former CEO Steve Jobs introduced the new iPhone in January 2007. Some have attributed the decline in sales to the underwhelming launch of the iPhone 5 and the rise in other smartphones.