Analysis Of Gorgias And Plato

Analysis Of Gorgias And PlatoPlato was one of the most important Greek philosophers in our time. He founded the Academy in Athens, an institution devoted to research and educational activity in ism and the sciences the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. His works on philosophy, politics and mathematics were very p relievoigious and laid the foundations for Euclids systematic approach to mathematics.Gorgias is a discourse in which Plato sets the orator Gorgias in opposition to the philosopher Socrates Platos mentor. Gorgias was a Sicilian philosopher, orator, and ornatenessian. He is believed by homosexualy scholars to be one of the founders of sophism a movement tradition onlyy associated with philosophy that emphasizes the practical application of rhetoric toward civic and political life.The dialogue begins remedy after Gorgias had given a speech at an exhibition where he answered questions put forth to him however Socrates missed this. Socrates was offered to visit Gorgias and was allowed to question him as long as he liked. Socrates wanted to hear from him what is the nature of his art, and what it is which he professes and teaches.Socrates initiates by asking Gorgias what he is and what rhetoric is and Gorgias replies in a classifiable rhetoricians manner, using smooth language and seemingly sophisticated structure and non really answering the question at all. Gorgias is referred to rhetoric as an art. blandishment signifies The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively. withal though Gorgias practices rhetoric, he was not very convincing when answering questions get down by Socrates. He gave short answers and was instantly refuted by Socrates in a very convincing fashion. Polus is also not very convincing as he is creation acc enforced by Socrates of speechifying sort of than answering questions Polus has been taught how to make a capital speechInterestingly, Socrates did not accept rhetoric as an art yet he was practicing this art while asking Gorgias questions. He was trying to convince the three speakers that rhetoric was kind of an experience rather than an art.Gorgias claims that rhetoric is an art which treats of discourse but says that all the the another(prenominal) arts which work fully through the inwardness of words is not considered to be rhetoric. The question is What is so different ab out(p) rhetoric that uses its male monarch of horizon and all the other arts that also use this power?The dialogue moves on to talk about power, evil happiness. According to Polus rhetoric equals power and that power is a good thing but Socrates on the other hand says that rhetoricians have no power for them so literally vigor which they will, but only what they think best. One can say that all the enjoyable things are done because it is enjoyable to do it but Plato means to put emphasis on that any such action is not done for the reason of itself and its own performance, but rather for the very stake of the pleasure which comes with it. This also holds for a true art, an action which is good not only on its own but also what good comes out of it. That explains why Plato thinks that the true rhetoric is only which is done for the sake of the good. For Socrates, rhetoric should be used to do good things, to punish the bad and not the good. Or rhetoric is no use to us.As Callicles enters the dialogue with Socrates he begins to undermined philosophy .Not only does he undermines the very nature of philosophical dubiousness and its marked focus on words but Callicles also makes near quite harsh statements of his own against any man such as Socrates who continues the chase of philosophy as a main focus into adulthood. By using this matter of discouragement on philosophy on the raze of Socrates lifetime of philosophical study he proves to Socrates that he is not being that good of a friend, after Socrates felt that Callicles had knowledge,good-will and outspokenness.Socrates believed that no matter what the worth was, total honesty and truth was the only choice in decree for one to live a happy, fulfilling life.As he said that doing unlawful is much more evil than suffering wrong, that rhetoric should only be used for the sake of the good and that every wrongdoer should be right punished.Interestingly, Socrates understand that the majority of the plurality will not understand his theories and he does not try to convince everyone with his beliefs, he on the nose uses a system is to call in support of my statements the evidence of a single witness, the man I am arguing with, and to take his vote alone the rest of the world are nothing to me I am not talk of the town to them. This is what makes him an raise person that he not trying to win sympathies of people but only tries to make his antagonist understand his points.Callicles speech is that of a typical sophist. He raises no questions in his speech, and does not attempt to use logic to prove his points. In the end, Callicles speaks about his own opinions for quite almost time, and as his proof, quotes three lines of an ancient poem. Thats not to say that some of Callicles theories arent valid, just that he does not allow for discussion, and therefore loses a chance to possibly prove his point to Socrates or the other interlocutors.Jennifer Richards has not mentioned in her retain that Socrates did not convince Callicles of the true rhetoric I think it is interesting that he convinced Polus and Gorgias but with Callicles he had no such luck. The port which you in mistaken confidence are urging upon me it is quite worthless, CalliclesEventually, Socrates stiff mostly true to his method of discussion. His use of speeches as ways of expanding his opinions, rather than force them is quite successful for him. Despite a few digressions, he refrains from using oratory or rhetoric unlike the interlocutors, and although he is inefficient to convince Ca llicles of the truth, he is not unsuccessful in the sense that he defended himself against the methods of the sophists.

Growing demand for corporate governance reform

G actors lineing demand for somatic cheek improve1. innovationIn recent years, various researchers and scholars grant argued that globalisation is leading to escalating crossway in the nature of bodied disposal systems, crossways the in somaticd humanness. Hansmann and Kraakman (2000) states a global compromise has immediately emerged that bodily managers and authorities must knead exclusively in the frugal fires of sh atomic design 18holders, and as a result, wholly jurisdictions entrust inevitably move towards a nakeder model of corporate presidency. However, before analyzing in-depth nuances of this concept, we should firstly try and understand this terminology. The definition of corporate g everywherenment activity commode be traced back to the time of the formation of Cadbury Committee (C.C.) in the year 1992. This delegacy was appointed by the conservative g everywherenment of the United Kingdom in this year, with obligations of addressing the pecunia ry aspects of corporate plaque. The C.C. came into public in response to a occur of corporate scandals that radiate uncertainty on the systems for controlling the ways corporations atomic number 18 run. This committee accountd bodied political science as the system by which companies atomic number 18 directed and controlled.Firstly, it is imperative to understand the significance that corporate ecesis as a concept holds to its beneficiaries. The importance of corporate ecesis lies in its contribution both to the concepts of c every(prenominal)ing prosperity and to answercapableness. Its a strategic stain which has both its sides sharp enough, either to enhance the business efficiency or prove detrimental in the capaciouser run. However, off-late the unprecedented inclination in the corporate scandals and failures around the world rather depicts a gloomy picture. Whilst get aheading in this article I ordain illustrate various such(prenominal)(prenominal) corporate a nd financial fiascos and the amends that score been put in place to avoid such massive failures around the corporate world. Besides, an in-depth analysis of the objectives and obstacles associated with corporate global disentangle measures would overly be put forth.2. Discussion2.1 Understanding Corporate administration Reforms and its Implications.A corporate governance dilemma occurs, at the nearly underlying level, whenever an outside investor desires to implement control differently from the manager in hurry of the organization. Disseminated possession amplifies the paradox by giving rise to differences of interest betwixt the various corporate stakeholders and by producing a collective action conundrum among sh beholders1. much often, an elementary predicament of corporate governance surfaces from an overview that regulation of monumental shareholder involvement may provide better security to little shareholders, but such policies may escalate managerial discretio n and mount for abuse, (Becht, Bolton and Roell, 2003 Weiss, 1990).Since the year 2001, thither has been renewed curiosity in the corporate governance practices of modern organizations, predominantly callable to the high-profile disintegrations of a number of large corporations in the United States, such asEnron CorporationandWorldCom. Such collapses see elevate led authorities to examine the necessity of improved and stronger corporate governance reform measures. Convergence among stakeholders is an essential position of the organization and economic stability, adhering to the corporate reform measures. concord to OSullivan (1999 p.4), convergence arguments are emphasized by the classic idea that the formation of liberal markets, which corporate governance reform is seen as facilitating, leads to finest economic outcomes and, in particular, greatest efficiency in terms of the diffusion of scarce economic resources. Opinions such as these stiffen our beliefs of corporate gov ernance measures being implemented. Besides, according to Rosser (2003), corporate governance reform needs to be understood, not in terms of the extent to which it endorses development and effectiveness, but in terms of the extent to which it serves or harms particular political and social interests. It has bend extremely essential for all the stakeholders to take into consideration various necessities of a deftly crafted governance reform. Efficient governance ensures that constituencies with a relevant interest in the fellowships business are completely taken into consideration.2.2 Why Corporate Governance is an important issue?Claims that corporate governance systems are undergoing scrutiny have intensified in the wake of the Asian crisis and its aftermaths. Limitations in Asian corporate governance systems were widely seen as a primary pay back of the Asian crisis and its consequences (Johnson et al, 2000 Dickinson Mullineux, 2001). With the advent of various colossal corpor ate crises all over the world, institutions such as The World Bank2have launched a effigy of schemes to promote corporate governance reform in development and musical passage economies. Especially after what happened to corporations such as Lehman Br otherwises and Merrill Lynch, it has become all the much essential to adopt measure to streamline and conserve corporate governance policies.Corporate structures and governance agreements diverge widely from country to country. They are a product of the local economic and social environment. However, the fundamental issues of management accountability are more or less similar everywhere. The Cadbury Committee was a landmark in thinking on corporate governance. Cadburys suggestion were publically endorsed in the United Kingdom and allowd in the listing regulations. The cross also proved to be influential in many an(prenominal) unusual countries and it has presented a benchmark against which standards of corporate governance in other markets are being measured. Traditionally, the corporate governance models have long been adopted from countries such as the US and the UK. With globalization, increasingly more corporations and governments have been driven towards the more efficient mode of conducting economic activities modelled after the Anglo-American system (Gourevitch, 2003 Jomo, 2004). According to Deakin et al (2005 p.1), The corporate governance atmosphere in the UK and the US is generally imagination to be aggressive to the emergence of cooperative employment relations of the attr lively exemplified by labour-management partnerships.Becht, Bolton and Roell, (2003) have identified some instruments which can be attributed to the expulsion of corporate governance as a crucial issue. They state events such as, world-wide wave of privatization, growth of private savings and the takeover wave of the mid-eighties, which have put the limelight on corporate governance in developing markets. Besides, the colossal takeover wave in the US during the year 1980s and in Europe in the 1990s has further fuelled the public take on corporate governance.2.3 Understanding Corporate Governance Reform Policies and debates.Governance reform measure in the acclivitous and ripe markets has not progressed in spite of the giveingness shown by the policymakers. According to a report developed by McKinsey Company, there are various ways in which a new sustenance to a reform agenda can be given(p). Firstly they tender that governance reforms measures need to allocate more emphasis to driving transubstantiation through institutional reforms of capital markets. Secondly, they stress upon the fact that family run business should have separate rights and must be recognized separately. Corporate governance reform continues to be a major concern for most of the emerging economies, throughout the world. International organizations have played a very active and determining role regarding this issue. T he International Monetary Fund, The World Bank and The Organizations for scotch Cooperation have all been raising the profile of the corporate governance reforms across the corporate and financial sector. Despite their persistent efforts, corporate market standards in emerging markets are still far behind as compared to those of the US, UK and Europe, as declared by the McKinsey Report. It has been identified that there is a lack of progress and this pointic or issue needs much more to be addressed towards itself. Typically, corporate governance practices are crafted to suit the needs of hollow out shareholders of the organization. However, due to this very reason, there has been an increase in the cadence and strong suit of conflicts between all the stakeholders of the organizations.Problems The state of Equity holders of corporations worldwide is gloomy, to say the least(prenominal). According to a recent finding by a financial institution, rake markets are off 50% almost e verywhere, banks and similar financial institutions are constantly under the threat of nationalization, dividends are being cut constantly, and to top it all there has been a constant upsurge in the number of frauds happening. According to Hadiz (1997), company employees have not been a key factor in corporate governance policy making, which in turn has given rise to the ever inclining ramshackle corporate governance. Other factors which directd to this problem have been excessive risk taking by managers, failure on the part of the board and lack of knowledge of financial products.Besides, differences in ownership structure have two palpable consequences for corporate governance, as stated by Morck, Wolfenzon, and Yeung (2005). Apart from this, governing shareholders have both the enticement and the cater to discipline management authority. On the other hand, concentrated ownership can create conditions for a new agency problem, because the interests of controlling and nonage shar eholders are not aligned. on that point have been a lot of failures in the corporate circuit, which have in a way fuelled the ongoing debate about(predicate) the corporate governance reform measures. Some of these failures include undetected off-balance piece of paper loans to a controlling family, deliberate misleading of investors, insider trading and other such infamous events (Becht, Bolton and Roell, 2003).2.4 Scandals in the corporate do chief(prenominal)2.4.1 Enron This is the most popular of all the scams and is still being referred to after so many years. This scandal relate unrevealing of debts, increasing revenues and dishonesty. It resulted to the dislodgment of more than twenty thousand people, the death of Americas some Innovative Company for many years in a row and the termination of one of the Big 5 global accounting firms (Andersen).2.4.2 WorldCom WorldCom is now known as MCI, Inc. is part of the Verizon Communications group, today. The company emerged from ban kruptcy in the year 2003. The allegations included, inflating overall assets through capitalization of operating costs. The scam amount was estimated to be around, a whooping $11 billion. WorldComs intense bankruptcy filing comes entropy only to the Lehman Brothers which happened in the year 2008, in the history of such filings in the United States.2.4.3 Qwest Communications Its a telecommunications company offering services to 14 states in the in the economy of the US. In the year 2002, it was understood that the company engaged in counterfeit accounting practices which resulted in the inflation of its revenues generated from its deals with Enron Corporation.2.4.4 Satyam computing machine Services This is a company based in India (now taken over by Mahindra Group). This is the most recent scandal in the financial domain, where the death chair overstated the cash and receivables by a total of over $ degree centigrade million. Overall Satyams assets were inflated by about $1.85 bi llion.2.5 Progress of efforts towards corporate governance reformsIn spite of all that has been happening all over the world, pertaining to the fiascos of the financial infrastructures of corporations, there has been a lot of effort taken towards developing measures to restrict such events. In the last couple of decades, three largest continental European countries (i.e. Germany, Italy and France) have enacted noteworthy corporate law reforms to strengthen the system of native governance, empower shareholders better, improve revelation requirements and toughen public enforcement regulations (Enriques and Volpin, 2007). Special hump is being placed on empowering minority shareholders of the organization, which can hugely contribute towards streamlining the way corporate governance functions. Apart from this, Ziegler (2000) points out that, a long era of political fight between workers and employers in places such as Germany has produced a corporate governance system in which emplo yees in many companies are represented on supervisory boards and are consequently able to play a role in company management. Also, economies across the world have now started to try and implement US corporate and securities and laws, pertaining to Americas well-developed healthy modeling.Besides researchers also suggest that, corporate governance framework should also ensure equitable treatment of all the shareholders, which also includes minority and foreign origin equity holders. As Nestor (2000) states, the board should be the main means for effective observeing of the administration and for providing strategic supervision to the organization. thither are many economies still, which are on the verge of falling down, due to the lack of corporate governance mechanisms. However, a proactive nature will have to be adopted by economies and its organizations to understand the nuances of corporate governance, so that they dont go bust all of a sudden. Some other measures include comp lementary legislations such as accounting law, commercial law, contract law, banking and hostility resolutions, and other such factors. Leuz and Verrecchia (2000) find evidence suggesting that firms cost of capital does moderate when they voluntarily switch to a reporting regime that requires greater divine revelation. So there has been such a brawl adhering to the importance and significance of disclosure settings. Some of the key objectives of corporate governance reforms include maximizing economic value of the institutions, maximizing market value portfolios, furthering interests of other stakeholders of the organization, and alike. In a much talked about recent book, Roe (1994) Stiglitz (1975) disputes that politics rather than economic competency shaped American corporate law framework, at least at the Federal level. However, the reason why governance reforms come into existence is not the issue, the problem is whether they come forth or no. completely the economies in the world must try and act towards the single most goal of increased efficiency in corporate governance.2.5 Obstacles associated with global reformAlthough it is often stated that good corporate governance is mandatory, it is also a fact that one size does not fit all. So it becomes sleeveless for economies where they try and imbibe governance measures based on other economies. There is a particular problem as noted by an author. The center of Agency Problem (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997) is the separation of management and finance, or in simpler spoken communication ownership and control. This problem states that there is ideally a contract that financiers and managers sign, merely they state trouble that most future contingencies are hard to describe and foresee which leads to mismatch in contract fulfilment.Apart from this, enforcement problems are a commonality. Most of the objectives and plans are not very simple to implement in a corporate structure. If one constituent stands ou t among the economies, it is that enforcement is an overruling concern. Most countries have significant substantive rules and regulation and disclosure requirements that cover most grassroots authority disclosures. However, without a market supervisor that can efficiently monitor for violations of law, the disclosure regime will not functionOne of the other major problems with the implementation of global reforms is the coordination of the parties involved in type of setting. More often than not, synchronization among the stakeholders becomes extremely complex, resulting in inefficient governance measures. Besides, a common global reform measure will not wait on the subjective needs of individual economies, as has already been explained above.3. ConclusionIn summation, obligatory governance rules are necessary for two apex reasons firstly, to tame the collective action difficulty resulting from the dispersion among shareholders and secondly, to make certain that the interests of all applicable constituencies are put forth. Apart from this, it is essential on the part of the management to ensure that they cater to all the stakeholders of the organization. Not only will the management of various corporations, but also the government of the economies will have to stand in together to frame impeccable measure of corporate governance.All over the world, the regulatory framework for corporate governance reform measure has been substantially revised and strengthened, especially in the domains of financial reporting, minority shareholder rights and merger acquisitions (Rosser, 2003). Hermalin and Weisbach (2006) state that, economies across the world, in spite of a long era of studying regulation, has been slow, to provide a conceptual framework for their evaluation. They also mention that such framework requires treating governance organizations as endogenous, so it is easy to evaluate behavioural changes in reply to a new governance restraint.In the end a synchr onized effort is unavoidable by the economies (on a macro scale) and by the organizations (on a micro scale), to realize the measures of corporate governance for the longer run. Otherwise, the ongoing debate over the corporate governance reforms seems endless to me.Word Count 2,722

Definition of marketing research and processes

Definition of selling search and processesThe European Society For sound judgement and Marketing inquiry let out market seek as the authoritative and objective identification, collection, digest, and dissemination of growth for improving decision-marketing think to the identification and stem of hassles and opportunities in marketing.(Malhotra. N and Birks. D 2000)In the book marketing explore an integrated approach, Alan Wilson likewise point out marketing explore is al some to provide information which should focus on customers, markets and competitors. That information will be used for making marketing decisions. Those information should be collected by wide range of sources and techniques, and then analysis, developed and applied. Marketing ch in allenge similarly involves communication and dissemination, which will affect the decision makers and interested parties.Marketing interrogation processThere be s scour steps in marketing look into process define the hesitancy task, determine the research design, charter the system for collecting primitive entropy, design the ingest, collect the info, analyze and furnish the selective information, prep be the research report. Though those steps, marketers will make conversant decisions or reduce the risk of their decisions.Define the research problemIn this step, the object of marketing research should be clarified. Research problem definition involves expressing the popular problem and discovering the detail constituent of the general problem. Alan Wilson mentioned six issues must be considered in this step, the market environment, competitors reaction, plaques own plan, the effectiveness of companys previous marketing activities, the temper of new harvestings and customer behavior.Define the research problem has been considered as the most important step in a marketing research project. Research keister provided be designed and carried out if the research problem has been clarified. Joselyn considered nonhing is much important to satisfy customers requests than identify the correct research problem. All the following steps of marketing research process would be wastes if the beginning of the research, define the research problem, is misapprehended. A good metaphor of identify the research problem is compared to doctors give patients medicine and treatment. Illness potful only be cured when right medicine has been given, wrong medicine some convictions is even more dangerous than the illness, and the most important thing for a doctor is to identify the illness. That is the said(prenominal) situation as marketing research process.Define the research problem in any case fecal matter be seen as a communication between decision makers and marketing detectives. Researchers offer research supports as the decision makers require.Determine the research designAfter the problem has been clarified by marketers, to design the research is the next step of the un carve up research process. A research process is a blueprint for managing a marketing research process. It provides details of information for figuring out the research problem. There are two general research design categories, utility(prenominal) winding research and primary research.Secondary research is collecting second-string entropy which is some information collected before for some opposite problems, non directly for the current research problem. There are two ways to collect petty(a) information, internal data and external data. Internal data is information inside organization, which collect from sales report, consumer information. External data is the informations resource from outside company the resource could from public newspaper or other organizations report.Secondary research is widely used in marketing research process, the main basis of that is secondary data is easily collected and to a fault the low appeal of the research process. Malhotra ment ioned in his book in that respect besides seven advantages that secondary data can abet marketers. First it can help marketers to identify the research problem. Second, it can develop an access to the problem. Third, it to a fault helps marketers to create a try plan. Fourth, it will explicate a able research design. Fifth, research questions can be answered by using secondary data. Sixth, primary data will be interpreted by secondary data with more penetration. Last, it can improve soft research results.The disadvantages of secondary research are also rattling obvious. Too many data kick in been collect during research most of them are not even related to the research problem, so it will take marketers a sess of conviction to select and analysis these data.Primary research is using observation, soft or quantitative research to collect primary data. Primary data is defined as a soft of data originated by the researcher specifically to address the research problem. Three methods mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph are quite antithetic from each other. notification researchObservation research collects data without any questions been asked to research targets. Researchers become the witness of targets behavior, such as childrens behavior with a new toy, or TV display patterns. The observation research can be divided into several categories, 1, born(p) versus design observation. 2, visible versus hidden observation. 3, Structured versus un incorporated observation. 4, mechanized versus tender observation. 5, participant versus non-participant.Qualitative researchQualitative research is a little structure research process, which involves small samples of individuals. The purpose of soft research is to agnise targets, not to amount them. Malhotra considered soft research is based on at least two intellectual traditions. One of them is building up ideas and combination methods from psychology. The other is the set of idea and associ ated methods from sociology and anthropology. Both of these two traditions are related to the growing of communication between researchers and those been researched. Researchers chose qualitative research for quaternity reasons. First, in some research, questions are involved privacy or negative savor that the research target unwilling to give answers to them. Qualitative research question are not full structured questionnaires, by giving these kind of questions can avoid the issues that people dont want to be asked. Second, subconscious timbreings have huge affect on responders answers. Such as emotion, motivation or ego, these could always drive the thoughts, when responders try to answer the questions. Third, complex phenomena. With full structured questions, respondents sometimes have difficulties to find out the main propose of those questions, or they could just describe the situations but can explain the reasons to them. Last reason to use qualitative research is the holi stic dimension. For example, a restaurant is doing a research about the satis featureion when customers having meal in the restaurant. The atmosphere that the consumers feel is the key issue to the research. And atmosphere can involve the music in the restaurant, the style of the furniture, other customers, serves been provided. One question cant cover all these points, but with small individual questions each part of the atmosphere can be asked, by join all these qualitative questions, the holistic count is build up.Alan Wilson described several faces of research most suited to qualitative research in his book. Qualitative research is commonly used in trinity areas explorative research, new product development and creative development research.Exploratory researchExploratory research always been used when a company decide to improve the understanding of consumer behaviors, emotions, attitudes and preference. For instance, more than one singularity that the researchers would lik e to understand though the exploratory, they are consumer perceptions of a product field, identifying serve or product improvements, the decision making process, dimensions that differentiate brands, product usance patterns and behavior and customer segments. Using qualitative research in exploratory research will help the organization with object or information defines.New product developmentIn the new product development stage, qualitative research is also quite useful. It is effective to use qualitative research to find out the reaction of customers about the new product concepts and designs. In the stage of developing the concept into a communicable form, it is the time to use qualitative research to determine if the concept is developable, or line the designers to improve the concept. Later stage of product development can also use qualitative research, such as stage of design the persona of new product, or their packaging. Using qualitative research can help researchers bu ild up confidence that the new product is developing though the right way.Creative development researchQualitative research is very important in creative development research it can attention in creating execution of advertising and promotion. Advertising agency uses qualitative research to know the relationship between customers and products or brands. As same as advertising, in an organizations promotion plan, qualitative research can help the organization to achieve the communication objectives. Not only promotion but also the integrated marketing communication plan (IMC plan), which contents promotion and four other steps. Feedbacks, which could test the effectiveness of the IMC plan, are received though qualitative research.Quantitative researchQuantitative research is a full structured research approach, which involves large sample of individuals. The purpose of quantitative research is to appraise the widespread of same attitudes and behaviors.Choose the method for collecti ng primary dataIn this step marketers will choose their method to collect primary data. All the methods can be divided into two kinds, peck method and observation method.Survey method.Survey method always involves three things, question, converseer and respondent. The look method can be divided into four categories by how does the questions been asked by the interviewers to the respondent.Postal surveyIn postal survey, selected responders will receive a mail with questionnaires, covering letter return envelope inside. Although the postal survey is a very important survey method and has been used for recollective time, the response rates are not high it is between 20% to 50%. There are some advantages and disadvantages been list out by peter chisnallAdvantagesNation and international coverage gloomy costNo interviewer biasRespondent convenienceGood for ongoing researchPiggybackingDisadvantagesLow response rateBiased responseLong respond timeInflexible questionnaireUnclear of who is respondingTelephone surveyThe majority of telephone surveys are taken for customer-type research and business to business. All interviewers stay in a same place call centre location, all the calls are do though the phones in centre location, this makes the interviewers been easily controlled. Fast and low cost are the other main advantages of this survey method. On the other hand, the disadvantages also very obvious, for example, short interview time can make a lot of misunderstandings to the question, sometimes customers do not answer the call, and consumers who do not have a phone cant be interviewed. These days more and more marketers pretend doing telephone survey but in fact trying to sell their products to the responders. This situation makes customers more unwilling to pick up phones to do telephone surveys.Face to face interviewsThere are three types of face to face interviews, in-home or doorstep, executive and street. They all share same advantages, such as it is easie r for interviewers to motivate respondents to complete the survey long questions can only be used through this kind of survey interview can easily tell if the responders have difficulties in understanding of the question the interviewer can use different materials to help with the survey. To the opposite side, the major disadvantages are the high cost that the interview could take and the interviewer bias a problem.Online questionnairesThis is a new kind of survey method compare to the three methods analysis above. The keep increasing number of internet users makes online survey more and more popular. Like the telephone survey, the online survey also very fast and befuddled low. It is not like face to face interview because there is no interview bias but also different materials can be used during the survey.Observation methodObservation method is quite different from survey method. It does not communicate with the people interviewers only have to saucer the respondents reaction, behavior and attitude. It could happen in a natural or contrived environment. Compare observation method to survey method, the major advantage is there are no reporting bias and potential bias in observation method. And the main disadvantage of observation is, it is only useful to measure or record behavior and attitude.Design the sampleSample is a subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study (Malhotra, N. 1999). Design a sample in fact is a process of answering five questionsWhat type of people is going to do this study?Where those people are advent from?How to select these people?How many people are here in the study?How to represent the information collected from the study?By answering the five questions, the sample design process can be divided into six stepsDefine the populationDetermine the sampling assembleSelect sampling techniquesDetermine the sample sizeExecute the sampling processValidate the sample

First Movement From Brandenburg Concerto No 2 By J S Bach

First Movement From Brandenburg Concerto No 2 By J S BachOne of Bachs closely celebrated compositions, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 was part of six compositions (known as the Brandenburg Concerti, corporally, though they were mostly musically unrelated) that Bach submitted in March 1721 to Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg as a job application of sorts. Bach, in the wake of the death of his wife, was nerve-wracking to leave his musical position with Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cthen. However, the individual composition dates for the Brandenberg Concerti cannot be barely determined. The only thing that can be said with certainty to the highest degree their chronology is that they were all composed by March 1721, the date on Bachs grave copy, (Boyd, 1993) including Concerto No. 2. (Ironically, Bach did not get the job.)This mankind is identifiable as being in the style of a Concerto Grosso. Concerto grosso, literally translated as enceinte concert, was a popular compositional /performance style from the Baroque period, which is place between 1650 and 1750. Generally, a concerte grosso was distinguished by a small flummox of solo instruments (the concertino) that interacted in a musical duel of sorts with a big group (the ripieno), one answering the other. The Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 is just much(prenominal) an example, with the trump playing the most commonly well-known concertino voice.Concerto No. 2 was create verbally in the key of F major, and scored for the following instruments car horn (as alluded to above), fluting or recorder (the original instrument used), oboe, and violin from whose ranks came the solo instruments and the viola, cello, and thorough bass (most commonly a harpsichord), which together formed the ripieno. The prepare is divided into terzetto gestures, as follows1. Allegro (without tempo indication) 2. Andante 3. Allegro assaiWe shall focus on the scratch line movement. The motor horn part stands out most notably, as it is written to be performed in the difficult clarion style, in which the trumpeter plays in the very highest registers deep down the instruments capacity, using only the power of rapid lip movements and precisely controlled breathing to change the instruments pitch. In Bachs time, trumpets did not make believe valves as they do now. In most contemporary performances, a piccolo trumpet is used to perform the original trumpet part as the piccolo trumpet is tuned higher. Whatever the case, the trumpet part stands out starkly in the food grain of the flip-flop, with its aggressive and lively tones soaring over the sonic landscape within this piece as it mirrors the orchestra and flies off on its own fancies. This trumpet part is considered a worthy challenge for any advanced shammer who dares take it on.Interestingly, in the commencement exercise movement, it is the strangely high pitch of the trumpet part, as opposed to the part it is playing, which endows it with its t endency to stand out. The reason for this is that here in the first movement, Bach toys with the expectations of the genre and has written the concierto and ripieno instruments the same or similar split during a portion of the movement, rendering them in nigh cases indistinguishable.Melodically speaking, there are basically two repeating themes, or ritornello, upon which each instrument, whether concierto or ripieno, bases its movements. Even when the solo instruments deviate as they should in the genre, they are still riffing, if you will, off the material forming the two-movement foundation. They move off the first theme in pairs, venturing forth into repeating and augmenting the second theme while complimenting the first theme.Both the concierto and ripieno parts contain a large depend of notes within most measures, often clusters of sixteenth notes. The net effect is parts and instruments blending together many(prenominal) textually and tonally. Two instruments that might normally be easily discernable from one another instead may be perceived by the inexperienced listener as one unique and different one playing the same rapid-fire series of notes. This sonic clustering, boast with the fact that the particular combination of instruments Bach specified for this particular concerto, makes the piece stand out and accounts in part for its enduring popularity.As furthermost as overall texture in the first movement is concerned, the piece is certainly marked by a busy set of polyphonous elements. The texture can also be generally described as somewhat generally higher and thinner, if you will, or at least little full-sounding and spread out than some other pieces in the Brandenberg family or other music of the time period. There is a good deal of sonic transparency, or open sonic space, left by the frequent collective high pitching of the concierto instruments, which are clustered together by legality of the repeating ritornello.The individual inst ruments popping off their sixteenth-note creates a very unique polyphonic texture, and where the instruments diverge, also creates a nice sense of momentum which is reinforce by the well-organized and (deceptively so) focused concordant organise of the piece.The harmonic structure of the piece is mainly a showcase of very deliberate and calculated kinetic harmony, intended to use harmonic elements to ensure the piece propels itself consistently forward, both emotionally and structurally. Specifically, Bach employs strong chord progressions, I-IV-V-I progression in many instances, as opposed to, for example, merely oscillating purposelessly between chords, which would have resulted in a lack of direction in the piece. The underlying energising harmonics serve to satisfyingly push along the already organically suave chord progressions Even though the texture of the music is contrapuntal, and the writing is in two parts, the dynamic harmony is nevertheless much in evidence. (Sutc liffe, 1999)This harmonic structure, along with the other standout elements, are a testament to the sharp be after evident in so much of Bachs work. In particular, this first movement in the piece is so sprightly, energetic, and almost manic in some instances that it is easy to forget that the entire Concerto is in fact a tightly written and plotted piece, that simultaneously allows a certain creativity in interpretation which can vary by performance.All in all, the first movement in Concerto No. 2 is not only a time-honored musical standout in its own right, both in structure and difficulty, but an intriguing reflection of the larger musical trends evident in the classical music of the time, and Bachs own life.