Performance Enhancing Drugs Helpful Or Detrimental

Ashveen Sharma PSE4U1-01 Essay Rough Draft November 28, 2014 Performance-Enhancing Drugs: Helpful or Detrimental? â€Å"Drugs and Baseball - how has this impacted MLB† Barry Bonds, the man who broke Hank Aaron’s home run record in 2007 should be hailed as one of the greatest sluggers to ever swing a bat. So why isn’t he? With a career plagued with controversy over the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs (PED’s), Bonds’ historic records will be debated and held in controversy forever. The numbers Bonds put up during his career should earn him a first class seat headed to the Hall of Fame; however, even without an actual conviction, Barry Bonds’ link with PED’s will likely prevent his induction into the baseball Hall of Fame†¦show more content†¦Because performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous, create unfair advantages, and harm the spirit of competition, more frequent testing along with harsher penalties must be implemented in all levels of organized baseball. PED’s cover a wide variety of substances used by athletes, with a few specific drugs used primarily in the sport of baseball. Since the 1980s, baseball players have taken these substances, which were originally intended for other purposes, and abused them into a way to gain an edge on the competition. Human Growth Hormones (HGH) is one of these substances. HGH is naturally produced in the pituitary gland, used to stimulate the growth of bone, muscle and cartilage in growing children. Around the age of twenty, HGH production tends to decline. During the early 1980’s, scientists discovered that giving HGH to elderly men could increase muscle mass, lower body fat, and decrease bone loss (Interlandi). Baseball players thought that they could use this HGH as a catalyst to improve their body to increase performance; however, no scientific evidence actually confirms thisassumption. The human body still produces plenty of HGH between the ages of 20-40 to support muscle and bone growth (Interlandi). While the results in older men show HGH has a positive impact

Persuasion Is Morally Justified Essay - 1665 Words

Persuasion and force are the means used to shape a just society since they are the ways of getting people, individually or collectively, to accept an idea or perform an action. A just society, or rather one where justice prevails, is given great consideration and thought to ensure that all human beings get to live a happy and fulfilled life. To clarify, persuasion is the method in which someone is requested or asked to consider performing an action or accepting an idea using their personal reasoning. Force, however, is when someone is forcefully demanded or commanded to perform an action or accept an idea. Ultimately, I believe that persuasion is morally justified to be used in human relations, where it allows people to live in a society that promotes the basic liberties for all citizens, and gives them the freedom to pursue their social and economic equality. Force doesn’t support the idea of promoting basic liberties and respecting social and economic equality because it doe sn’t permit an individual to make a choice for themselves, where that choice they are being forced to make might support the forcers freedom and liberties, and impede on their own, Human relations should be established by using persuasion, where it justly promotes people reasoning and deciding for themselves, as long as it supports justice as fairness. A philosopher that has cultivated this idea of justice is John Rawls, who believes that, according to Michael J. Sandel’s Justice: What’s the RightShow MoreRelatedWar: Is Military Force Ever Justified?. War Has Become854 Words   |  4 PagesWar: Is Military Force Ever Justified? War has become a very sensitive, polarizing subject in the past few decades. Either it’s good or bad, right or wrong, black or white. Many people do not find any justification, even though no decision is more thought out than a country’s decision to use military force. for anything war-related because of the negative reality that it is war: violent, nasty, unyielding. All they see is an unprejudiced killing parade that rips lives apart. But what many peopleRead MoreArgumentative Writing : Persuasive And Persuasive896 Words   |  4 Pages Argumentative and persuasive witting are sometimes hard to distinguish from one another. The goal of persuasion writing is to conquer or win over your audience while the goal of argumentative writing is to â€Å"convince by demonstrating the truth† (Barnet; Bedau, pg.71). Argumentative writing is defined as â€Å"a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.† There are many differentRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Green Arrow And The Flash2364 Words   |  10 Pagesfights to preserve the inherent goodness of mankind. TV advertisements for The Flash season three and Arrow season five rely on the use of pathos, persuasion through emotion, to ground the audience in reality. By appealing to pathos (emotional persuasion), the audience is more likely to concede to the ethos (ethical persuasion), logos (logical persuasion), and kairos (a time when conditions are right for the accomplishment of a crucial action) of a character. To take a case in point, if the individualRead MoreThe Funeral Of Julius Caesar863 Words   |  4 Pageshis, with his own unique tactics. It was the combination of these two speeches that resulted in the resolution of the play. As I have previously stated, Brutus was the first to speak. He spun a beautiful tale, using logos as his primary form of persuasion. He said things such as, â€Å"Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.†() These statements painted him to be the noblest of men. He wanted the townspeople to believe his was in the right, and did it solely for their benefit. The reasonsRead MoreJane Austens Persuasion Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1800s Jane Austen wrote what would be her last novel, Persuasion. Persuasion is set during the â€Å"Georgian Society† which greatly affects the characters views and actions throughout the novel. Anne Elliot and Frederick Wentworth quickly fell in love when Anne was just nineteen years old, but because he wasnt wealthy enough, Anne was not given the permission by her father, Sir Walter, to marry him. Eight years after this incident, the roles have reversed; Sir Walter has lost all of hisRead MoreKohlbergs Theory of Moral Development Essay803 Words   |  4 Pagesduring this stage. People will do most things to remain loyal to a popular look, lifestyle or group of people in which they need to gain or maintain approval of. School students are typically influenced by others very often and are surrounded by persuasion which is why it is more likely for teens to fall under this category. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society so judgments concern obeying rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt(McLeod). Stage four in conventionalRead MoreMorality without God Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe authority intrinsic in the idea of a God in order to enforce them; thus raising the possibility that morals are learned but also partly innate and instinctual to humankind. The ideas raised target those who have no religious persuasion, namely those who consider themselves to be atheist or agnostic. The claim implicit in the question (in assuming that God exists) is that all morality and sound ethical values stem from religion, without which motivation towards virtuousRead MoreTorture Is It Ever Permissible?1191 Words   |  5 Pagesopinions rather   torture should   be justified in certain instances. Some feel that sometimes information obtained  is more valuable than morals.   If lives are at stake and its for the good of the country it would be best to put aside morals and sympathy (www.debate.org). Torture is an advanced interrogation technique that is far more effective than any other technique. Information can easily be retrieved from individuals through torture (www.debate.org). Torture can be morally justifiable   when torturingRead MoreDaniel Solomon s An Extraordinary Paper Called, Emotions And Choice1594 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sudden event. As such, claiming the startle mechanism akin to an emotion, then it follows that it is possible to have an emotion without judgments. Her statement contradicts Solomon directly in that she is statement that we cannot be held ful ly morally responsible for something that is partially innate in our makeup as people. Solomon would absolutely disagree with this sentiment, so in order to defend this claim, Robinson defends her argument by first redefining our interpretation of an emotionRead MoreJust War Theory and Pacifism1734 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipating in any war has significant moral implications. Lackey disputes what he calls the â€Å"Preventative Force Argument† which he defines as the assumption that preventative force and preemptive force are the same thing and acting representatively is morally preferable. A â€Å"Gods eye view† would be needed to legitimize preventative action and those in support of war should hold the burden of proof when justifying war. 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Nutritional Requirement of Elderly Males †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Nutritional Requirement of Elderly Males. Answer: Introduction Nutrition plays a significant role in the development of a human being from infancy to adulthood. Consumption of a balanced diet regularly is important for maintenance of good health and well-being of the individual. Every individual requires a daily intake of carbohydrates, fat, proteins, vitamins and minerals to lead a healthy and problem free lifestyle. However, research has shown that compared to the younger generation, the adults or the elderly people require more nutrients in order to lead a healthy life. Diet and nutrition play an important role in various medical conditions (Sizer et al., 2012). These medical conditions include coronary heart disease, arthrosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, anaemia, osteoporosis, among others (Murray Lopez, 2012). This report focuses on the nutritional intake of a group of 25 elderly males in a nursing home. They are more than seventy-five years of age. The food frequency questionnaire tool was used to determine the daily nutritional intake of the elderly males in the nursing home. This report at first focuses on the interpretation of the dietary analysis results. Then, it discusses the nutrient deficiencies and excesses. Finally, it identifies the main food sources providing the nutrients and describes the implications of nutrient deficiencies in the elderly. Some recommendations are also made on the dietary intake of the elderly males in the nursing home. Interpretation of dietary analysis results After analyzing the dietary results obtained from the elderly males, it was found that a number of nutrients were present in excess. These are carbohydrates, protein, cholesterol, sugars, sodium, vitamins like A, B6, B12, C and E. Moreover, the total calorie levels were also high. High levels of cholesterol and carbohydrates can give rise to various medical conditions in the elderly like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, among others (Perk et al., 2012). While malnutrition is a risk in the elderly, over nutrition can give rise to the above diseases which results in increased levels of mortality and morbidity. Moreover, increased levels of sugar in the diet can give rise to diabetes. High levels of sodium through increased salt intake can also give rise to hypertension in the elderly. However, nutrient deficiencies were also found in the elderly males. There was deficiency of dietary fibers, thiamin, calcium, folic acid, among others. Deficiencies in thiamin can give ris e to heart failure, cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy in the elderly people (Caputo et al., 2012). Moreover, deficiencies in calcium can give rise to osteoporosis, bone deformities, among other (Aaseth, Boivin Andersen, 2012). Dietary fiber intake is also very important in case of the elderly, as it prevents colon cancer, various bowel diseases, helps in mineral absorption and also helps to maintain a healthy microbial population in the gut. Moreover, deficiencies in folic acid can give rise to various neurological disorders, dementia, psychosis, depression, among others (Morris, 2012). The most important nutrients are the proteins, vitamins like A, B6, B12, C, D and folic acid. Among the minerals, calcium, zinc, iodine, iron is important. Dietary fibers are also important for maintenance of health in the elderly. Carbohydrates and fats in moderation are also important. However, certain nutrients are comparatively not important for the elderly. These include minerals like magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, vitamin E, among others. Grains, cereals are essential source of vitamins like thiamin, folic acid, niacin. Moreover, it also provides minerals like iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, among others. However, the elderly show a high level of refined grains intake. Refined grains lack minerals and vitamins essential for good health in the elderly. The elderly also showed decreased intake of green leafy vegetables as well as red or orange vegetables like tomatoes. They showed poor intake of legumes, lentils, peas, among others. They also showed increased intake of starchy vegetables like potatoes. They also show poor intake of fruits and more intakes of fruit juices. Fruit juices consist of sweeteners, which affects the health of the elderly. It increases the risk of diabetes. The elderly males also show a high intake of red meats, which are the sources of cholesterol and fats. They have a poor intake of eggs, seafoods, nuts, legumes and soy products. These are far better sources of protein for the elderly than red meats. Plant based proteins like soy proteins are much more digestible and good source of protein for the elderly (Nishinari et al., 2014). The dairy products like milk, yoghurt, cheese are a good source of calcium as well as vitamins and minerals. The elderly people need to increase their intake of milk and yoghurt; while decreasing the intake of cheese and other milk equivalents. The elderly also show a high level of sugar intake, which can result in diabetes and obesity in the elderly. Apart from these, the elderly also show high levels of oil and solid fat equivalents. Implications of nutrient deficiency or excess Cereals are very good sources of vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Lack of vitamins thiamin and folic acid can give rise to heart failure, cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy in the elderly. Folic acid is necessary for the nervous system and deficiency in folic acid increases the risk of developing Alzheimers disease in the elderly (Barnard et al., 2014). Other diseases include dementia, psychosis, depression, among others. Low levels of carbohydrates can result in low blood sugar or blood glucose levels, however, high levels of carbohydrates can give rise to diabetes and obesity. Intake of refined carbohydrates also results in vitamin and mineral deficiency. Green leafy vegetables are good source of dietary fibers and also contain various compounds that help to prevent colon cancer. They also provide iron, which can prevent anaemia in the elderly. Elderly people have an increased risk of developing colon cancer if the diet has very poor amounts of green vegetables. Re d or orange vegetables like carrots, tomatoes, red capsicums are also important and are a good source of vitamins like vitamin C (Leong Oey, 2012). Deficiency of vitamin C can give rise to scurvy which causes gum bleeding. Moreover, wound healing processes also decline. Legumes and beans prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. Fruits like apples, guavas are a good source of fiber. However, citrus fruits are a good source of vitamin C. Fruits help to reduce the risk of cancer development. Lower intake of fruits can give rise to cardiovascular diseases and low blood pressure in the elderly. Fruits like bananas are also a source of folic acid. Increased intake of red meat can give rise to renal and colorectal cancer (Durko Malecka-Panas, 2014). Protein deficiencies in the elderly include sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), weight loss and loss of bone mass (Walston, 2012). Dairy-based foods are a good source of calcium and poor intake of dairy foods can give rise to calcium deficiency leading to osteoporosis, weak bones, weakness and fatigue (Compston et al., 2013). High levels of cheese intake can give rise to increased fat intake resulting in obesity as well as heart diseases. Recommendations Specific recommendations can be made to prevent dietary deficiencies as well as excesses in the elderly. Among grains, whole grain cereals should be the first choice. Various other cereals like corn, muesli can also be consumed. Reduced intake of refined flours and cereals should be kept in mind. Whole wheat breads can also be consumed. Consumption of green leafy vegetables like spinach, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbages are also recommended. Other vegetables like tomatoes, carrots, beetroots are also recommended. However, starchy vegetables like potatoes should be consumed at low amounts. Fruits like apples, bananas, guavas are good source of fibers and folic acid. Citrus fruits like oranges, peaches, pears are good source of vitamin C. Berries like strawberries, blueberries are good source of antioxidants. Sweetened fruit juices should be avoided. The elderly people are recommended to have more of poultry or fish based proteins rather than red meats. Moreover, they can also obta in their protein from sea foods and plant based products like soy. Among dairy products, milk and yoghurt are recommended. Among cheeses, ricotta cheese can be consumed compared to the other cheeses available. Alternatives like nuts, tofu, and salmon are also a good source of calcium and can be consumed apart from the dairy products. Conclusion Diet plays a very important role for maintaining the health of the elderly people. They require special care and additional requirements as compared to infants and young adults. The main nutrients required for health and well-being are carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fats. Every nutrient is essential and its lack can result in several deficiency diseases. However, increased intake of these nutrients can also give rise to various medical conditions as well. The elderly people require high amounts of dietary fiber, protein, good fats, minerals and vitamins, among others. Dietary fibers help to prevent colon cancer, bowel diseases, among others. Protein deficiencies can give rise to sarcopenia, weak bones in the elderly. Deficiency of minerals and vitamins can give rise to cardiac diseases, neurological problems, among others. However, increased levels of carbohydrates, fats and sugars can give rise to diabetes and obesity. This report shows that the elderly males of the nursing home have high intakes of carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol. Their average energy intakes were also high. They had poor intakes of dietary fibers, fruits and vegetables. They also consumed more red meats, sweetened fruit juices, starchy vegetables like potatoes, among others. This report was concluded with recommendations on dietary intakes of the elderly males in the nursing home. Reference list Aaseth, J., Boivin, G., Andersen, O. (2012). Osteoporosis and trace elementsan overview.Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,26(2), 149-152. Barnard, N. D., Bush, A. I., Ceccarelli, A., Cooper, J., de Jager, C. A., Erickson, K. I., Morris, M. C. (2014). Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.Neurobiology of Aging,35, S74-S78. Caputo, F., Vignoli, T., Leggio, L., Addolorato, G., Zoli, G., Bernardi, M. (2012). Alcohol use disorders in the elderly: a brief overview from epidemiology to treatment options.Experimental gerontology,47(6), 411-416. Compston, J., Bowring, C., Cooper, A., Cooper, C., Davies, C., Francis, R., Selby, P. (2013). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013.Maturitas,75(4), 392-396. Durko, L., Malecka-Panas, E. (2014). Lifestyle modifications and colorectal cancer.Current colorectal cancer reports,10(1), 45-54. Leong, S. Y., Oey, I. (2012). Effects of processing on anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamin C in summer fruits and vegetables.Food Chemistry,133(4), 1577-1587. Morris, M. C. (2012). Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,71(1), 1-13. Murray, C. J., Lopez, A. D. (2013). Measuring the global burden of disease.New England Journal of Medicine,369(5), 448-457. Nishinari, K., Fang, Y., Guo, S., Phillips, G. O. (2014). Soy proteins: a review on composition, aggregation and emulsification.Food Hydrocolloids,39, 301-318. Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ã… ½., Verschuren, W. M., Deaton, C. (2012). European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012).International journal of behavioral medicine,19(4), 403-488. Sizer, F. S., Pich, L. A., Whitney, E. N., Whitney, E. (2012).Nutrition: concepts and controversies. Cengage Learning. Walston, J. D. (2012). Sarcopenia in older adults.Current opinion in rheumatology,24(6), 623.

Workplace Motivation free essay sample

Employee motivation in the workplace is a major factor in helping a company to run smoothly. If employees are not motivated to perform to the best of their abilities the company could easily lose clients or take the company to the brink of bankruptcy. This paper will examine how various motivational strategies affect productivity at South Point Apartment Complex in Corpus Christi, Texas. The following paper will then identify and analyze the implications of applying two motivational theories that are not currently in practice at South Point Apartments and show how these motivational theories could impact both the management staff and the employees. Motivational Theories The employees at South Point apartment complex are a very unproductive team. McGregor’s Theory X is could easily be applied to this company. When looking for the leasing agent to show an apartment, she was nowhere to be found. Usually using the excuse she was checking on the empty apartments; making sure they were ready to rent. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to McGregor’s Theory X, people will try to avoid working at every chance they get. McGregor also believed humans have no desire for responsibility and need to be directed by others to complete the job. The apartment manager spent most of her time looking for the leasing agent, so she could give her specific instructions on what needed to be done. After receiving the specific instructions, the leasing agent would then complete the task with no problem. McGregor’s Theory X also stated people have little ability for being able to solve organizational problems (Pojidaeff, 1995). This also holds true for the staff at South Point. If a problem arises with one of the residents, no one knew what to do. The staff would literally pass the buck to someone else, then that person would do the same. Nothing was ever accomplished by the first person the problem was brought up to. Theory X also states, people do not like to change and they are gullible and unintelligent. Corporate for South Point finally realize their complex was going under due to the employees lack of motivation. Essentially, theory x assumes that the primary source of most employee motivation is monetary, with security as a strong second† (Pojidaeff, 1995, p. 5). South Point was not a high paying apartment complex so most employees were working for minimum wage. They did not have the extrinsic motivation which was needed for a job well done. Eventually South Point Apartment Complex started offering bonuses to the employees, vacations, and an increase in pay to the employees that were motivated to do their job correctly the first time. Motivational Theories for South Point Locke’s Goal-setting theory would greatly improve the employee motivation at South Point Apartments. â€Å"Goal-setting theory is one of the most accepted, most valid, and most useful of the motivation theories in the industrial and organizational psychology, human resource management, and organizational behavior† (Newcolm, 2011, para. 6). Locke discovered in his research that goals that are detailed and complex lead to better task performance; unlike goals that are informal and imprecise. The leasing agent at South Point Apartment Complex would have thrived if she was given goals she was to accomplish before the day was over. Instead she felt as if she had all the time in the world to finish one goal, therefore nothing would be accomplished by the end of the day. According to Locke there are five principles to goal setting. Goals must have clarity, be challenging, have commitment from the employee, feedback from the supervisor and have task complexity. With this being said the leasing agent would have a challenge put in front of her to accomplish and this would open the lines of communication between her and her employer. â€Å"When goals have clarity the goals are clear, measurable, unambiguous, and specific. Having clear goals results in fewer misunderstandings about what behaviors will be rewarded and what behavior is expected† (Reeve, 2009, para. 8). Using Locke’s Goal setting theory would benefit all employees at South Point Apartments. The apartment manager would be able to set goals for each of the employees from the maintenance man to the make ready lady. This way each employee would be given a goal for the day. Once this goal is accomplished, the manager would then be able to assign another goal. This would keep the employees motivated to do their jobs and not to be slacking off; hiding in the empty apartments. So much more would be accomplished at this apartment complex rather than a game of hide and seek. Putting in place Locke’s goal setting theory would motivate the employees to get the apartments ready to be leased in a reasonable amount of time. Another motivational theory that would be useful at South Point Apartment Complex is the Cognitive Evaluation Theory. â€Å"This theory suggests there are actually two motivation systems: intrinsic and extrinsic† (Motivational Theories, 2009, para. 6). According to this theory intrinsic motivators come from the sense of achievement from doing a job well. The employees would have competence, responsibility, and the sense of achievement when finishing their task at hand. Intrinsically motivated employees work for their own satisfaction and sense of achievement. This theory also involves extrinsic motivation. This stems from the rewards which employees are given to get them to accomplish the task at hand. South Point started offering bonuses to their employees for doing their jobs well. What South Point does not realize is eventually the newness of this reward system will wear off and the employees will start slacking again; at least until better rewards are put into play. Conclusion Employee motivation in the workplace is a valuable tool. Without motivation the company could fail. South Point Apartments describes McGregor’s Theory X to a T. If this apartment complex were to use Locke’s Goal Setting Theory the employees would have more motivation to do their jobs correctly the first time. Many companies do not use motivational strategies with their employees, but it they would; unmotivated employees would be a thing of the past.